Disputes between the European Union and the rest of the World Essay

Disputes amid the European coalescence and the peace of the WorldIntroduction       The EU (European Union) has become a formidable tycoon by means of dole surface, hence creating to a greater extent fusss with the rest of the world. Occasionally its authorization has helped it garble its trading partners. Starting with regional labor projectards to learning policies and inter topicly, ranging from spheric government to foreign constitution (Marshall & axerophthol Jaggers, 2010).This paper will principally focalize on the EU as a dominant lot block. A pointor that has undoubtedly contributed to the many conflicts it has internationally. The analysis includes different, but recent heap related conflicts the EU is involved in and points out the factors that lead to the mis downstairsstanding, and in some faux pass if there was a third party involved in the get laid. The analysis excessively specifys if a form of solution was reached or if the deviation was left-hand(a) unre functiond, and the accomplishable outcomes it had during the time of the confrontation. Lastly, it summarizes the main ideas of the paper and gives a comp overview of the analysis.Russia EU car measure dis symmetry       Among the for the first time goals of the EU as a raft, hegemony is using its supremacy to secure concessions from differents on food market participation. This makes it lick as an economical globalization determinant. The EU is using its hatful dominance to achieve non- concern objectives therefore surfacely flanking market integration much(prenominal) as social, environment and safety standards to be more(prenominal) political or strategic in nature (Haughton, 2007). A bold move that has ofttimes left the rest of the world wonder if such use of change cater by the EU ultimately matter in geopolitical terms.       In 2013, a dis engagement arose in the midst of the EU and Russia, whi ch mainly construct-to doe with on the novelly imposed car levies. Russia had been a member of the WTO (World calling memorial tablet) for tho a year before the pot hostility began. The EU charge Russia of using a recycle charge levied on imported cars to crest its automobile manufacturers illegally. The EU af cockeyeded that for a whole year it had attempt all possible diplomatic channels to amicably resolve the chore but with no success, Moscow declined to review its policies. According to the EU distribute bearingers the capital punishment was not in line with the stated WTO laws that forbid slashes against imports (Diakun, 2012).       Allegations arose on what was seen as Moscows non-compliance as the WTO sought to find out the facts. Initially, Moscow had some misconceptions about the benefits they would gain by get together the WTO. For Russia joining the union came at a cost of signing up to firm standards, which it lowstood nearly, cons tituteized by the benefits of gaining regain to a populous and swelledr markets with stock warrant against protectionism. intimately critics corroborate charge Russia of failing to keep its truenesss and the levy on cars put in place some days afterward it join the WTO (Osipov, 2013).       Russia placed an increase in the duties paid on German and Italian vehicles imports, qualification them more expensive for the customers and affecting their market. The European Union is of the credit that Russia is doing this on purpose to protect its manufacturers. Critics from Russia say the coun give is k right awayn for neer keeping its WTO obligations and that the car levies contentions atomic number 18 part of a long scope of non-compliance laws on goods that range from harvesting machines to alcoholic drinks. Russia, conversely has protested against the EU initiatives to brusk up the blocs electricity and spatter market, which it claims affects the region s business structure.       The proposed recycling levy bill failed to be amended by the Russian national assembly before it went into recess, and the EU warned the then Russian Economy curate to expect a reaction from the union. Under the WTO regulations, Russia has exceeded its 60-day grace expiration to try and tilt or explain its laws (Marshall & amp Jaggers, 2010).       Comparisons between the 2001 china entree and that of Russia were unavoidable as the potential benefits of incorporating a big economy same Russia were actually promising. In the show subject field of chinaware the first divergence arose twain years after having enjoyed an enormous trade boost immediately after joining for Russia it took less than 11 months. Russia yet has some other issues with the EU policies mainly its laws on the control of the European artillery pipeline assets by Gazprom. The EU set up a committee to look into the issue. The Russian parliament , on the other hand, passed a ruling that changed the levy on recycling and frequent the changes sort out the requests pointed out by the committee of the EU decorate (Stephanie and Brianna, 2012).EU- Russia- Ukraine- liquid dispute       The presidents of the EU, Russia and Ukraine, pretend concur to meet and talk in relation to the dispute they ready had over the Ukraine-EU free trade and gas agreements. Concurrently, with the efforts to stabilize the Ukraine security situation, the heads of state Vladimir Putin, of Russia, Petro Poroshenko, of Ukraine and Jose Manuel Barroso president of the European Commission are anticipated to hold one-one-one talks, but the venue and dates are not specified. heave the discussions to the level of the heads of state seems to give hope to possible ease of strain over the Ukraine issue, a crisis that has for long plagued the relations between the West and Russia (Andres & Kofman, 2011).       The EU and Russian president spoke over the phone on possible ways that they could ease the current tension in the Ukraine. In June this year an approved series of three-way talks over gas disputes that brought together the goose egg diplomatic ministers of the EU, Ukraine and Russia broke down provoking the Ukraine gas supplies to be cut off by Russia. Since then the EU slide fastener minister has scheduled various meetings with both the Russian and Ukraine energy ministers to restart the initial discussions on resolving the Ukraine-Russian row over gas prices (Diakun, 2012).       The EU consumers perplex not been affected by the disruption of the Ukraine gas supplies, the Ukraine, however is a major route supply for approximate half of Russias gas shipments to the EU. This means that the EU depends on Moscow for a third of its energy. Russia has also recently held talks with the EU to try to calm the Kremlin fears over a wide-ranging free trade agreement that the Ukrain e had signed with other 28 EU nations. A move that Moscow believes will be harmful to its economy (Osipov, 2013). The competition between Russia and EU over Ukraine gas has led to a problem that escalated when Russia seized the former Soviet Union Crimea region. EU sanctioned Russia for illegally occupying Crimea and on the other hand Moscow retaliated by illegalise imports from Europe. Which leaves both the oppose at a trade horror since the dispute is still not resolved.China-EU solar decorate dispute       The EU-China solar panel dispute in recent months has taken center stage on most modspaper headlines. This is ruffianlyly a new thing since the twain are both seen as dominant international trading blocs. Most analysts, however very much ignore the fact that trade disputes between economic titans like in the case of the EU and China is not a new thing. Rather they represent a continuous confrontation of the alleged(prenominal) China-EU strategic trade shackle.       The foothold that a large volume of the EU-China policy is centered on the concept of normative agent makes it one of the direct contributing factors for the long conflict. The EU policies towards China under this principle thrust developed in four main aspects namely investments and trade, global governance, practiced skills, and social and political changes. EU-China collaborations on renewable energy and climate change are mainly structured on the concept of encouraging sustainable growth.       In regards to the EU-Sino disagreement, the trading commissioner for the commission failed in his parting of convincing other state members who already have well-developed solar energy technology to support their proposed sanctions on China. Germany, for example, a renowned leader in solar energy was particularly vocal with its disagreement on the placed investigations and sanction tariffs on China (Stephanie and Brianna, 2012).  & nbsp    In relation to the Sino-EU disagreement, the Commissioner for the EU failed in his initial role of convincing a volume of the members who have advanced and mature solar energy technologies to place retributive measures in China. For example, Germany, which is known internationally as a solar energy giant, is against the state investigations and restrictions placed on China.       The commissions status from these investigations has been greatly undermined by the EU-China strategy. much(prenominal) inquiry failures have however prompted China to sideline the commission, if not the entire EU affiliates. out from the dispute over the solar panels, the EU reluctance to allow Chinas Market Economy Status (MES) is another one of the ageless challenges that has not been resolved by the deuce factions for over a decade. EU has refused this initiative on the grounds that China lacks signifi bottom of the inningt government interventions and transparency in its trade and economic policies (Marshall & Jaggers, 2010).       This drawback consort to the Chinese was seen as a possible defeat. They reasoned that macrocosm granted the status of a market economy would be a major advantage in their EU-China alliance, both politically and economically. They stated that the principal reason for the EU refusal was collect to the vast trade difference between China and the EU, and that the EU has seek to use the market economy status problem to gain more negotiating proponent and attempt to solve trade market entry and trade barrier issues that cripple their firms. The EU however continues to stress that the decline is a pure technical issue within the blueprints of its anti-dumping laws.       With this perspective of the EU, China has changed its stand from that of a new entrant to a competitor. The EU gets itself in a bind where its economic interests are threatened by its normative power strategy. Suc h inconsistencies that are allied with EU buffetparts have further illogical both renewable manufacturers and the Chinese government. The EU has at long last found its stimulate to promote sustainable development and pursue a value establish foreign policy in China that is beyond its levels. The current standoff between EU and China, mainly originated from a mix-up and lack of experience as to what each sides law priorities state (Teorell, 2010). The issue has however not been resolved.EU-US Dispute on Trade Alliance       In 2011 the sheer size and importance of the United States-European Union mutual trade alliance, with trades mainly on goods roughly descend up to 450 billion making the two trading partners the major trade players internationally. Recently, discussions started on a possible trade alliance aimed at mitigating or eliminating non-tariff and tariff trade hindrances in products and services.       The EU parliament in 2012 demande d the start of talks so as to get a more efficient EU-US trade pact. Among the most super traded items within the two factions include automobiles and medical products, machines and high tech gadgets, as well as pharmaceutical, optic and photographic appliances among others (Cooper, 2014).       Therefore, their agreements mainly focus on labor and capital intensive industries, as recognized by the economies of overcome and intra-industry trade policies. Debates on agricultural products have caused some disagreements in such discussion and with various public sights the greatest differences still remain in areas of food safety and consumers, subsidies and environment protection.       One such recent dispute has been on the Boeing and Airbus grants awarded to the concerned companies. A bi by and byal agreement between the US and EU that was concluded in 1992 centered on the trade of large civil aircrafts, and the parties who controlled the funding of the subsidies in this large celestial sphere. The US withdrew from the initial 1992 agreement in October 2004 disputing the public funding allocated to the Airbus. The EU also responded by fancy-provoking the public endorsement granted to Boeing. According to the (WTO) World Trade Organization both parties had breached the initial subsidy policies, and therefore were allowed to place counter measures (Tugores-Garca, 2012). plot of ground there is a possibility that such initiatives would clearly provoke a trade war involving other sectors, it is expected that the problem will ultimately be solved. The dispute run intoing on possible counter-measures started on the sixteenth of April 2013, and the outcome will definitely have dire consequences on how new entrants of large civil aircrafts from other countries sess progress while joining the market (Cooper, 2014).Eu-China wines dispute       A recent EU-China dispute on anti-dumping laws centered on wine expor ts was resolved amicably earlier this year through negotiation and consultation. China had begun an investigation last year to establish whether European wines were sold at the standard price in the country. The initiative was seen as being an EU countermeasure for enforcing disciplinary policies on Chinas solar panels. A dispute that had almost driven the two trade giants to the bite of a trade war, was sorted out through mediation by the then China Premier when agreed on price undertakings. In May 2014, the EU warned China that it would commence anti-dumping and anti-subsidy inquiries on its imports of network telecommunication equipment. The solar panel dispute is a case reference that highlights how under the WTO consultation and dialogue rule are the best ways to solve disputes, and that the EU and China had the capability and intelligence to choose this option (Huang, 2010).       In 2012, the export of wine from the EU reached 257 million liters which are ap proximated at $1 billion, more than that originating from France. In July 2014, the two factions settled a disagreement on poly-silicon products by using consultation and negotiations. It agreed that in the European markets the said products will not be sold below a certain(p) price set by china. On the other hand, China agreed to stop its anti-dumping and anti-subsidy trends initially placed on its imports. Analysts have foreseen this unlikely alliance between the two factions as one that is likely to create a more beneficial atmosphere in the future.       This is because both sides take experience in their bilateral economies. If not properly settled trade disputes often have much bigger negative impact on both economies than can possibly be mitigated. As the EU and China industries are now closely interlinked industrial connections should be incorporated into the frameworks of resolving trade disputes, since it will help improve future relations and avoid furthe r conflicts (Cooper, 2014).China-EU Misunderstandings over Trade Defense Mechanisms       The EU has on several do been charged by China for inappropriate use of placed trade defense mechanisms. China particularly charges the EU for using double standards against their imports and products. In 2003 when Chinese companies sold coke in European regions at cheaper rates, they were accused of offloading their products and fined establish on the EU antidumping policies. Much later the EU again threatened to file a case against China at the WTO for constricting coke exports, which China clearly explained it had done mainly due to environmental reasons. These are all clear indications of how the EU often used foul standards against China products which eventually raised disputes between the two parties.       More surprise is the EU refusal to apply several trade methods concurrently. It is a known fact that both European and (EC) European Commission affi liate companies placed (IPR) intelligent Property rights protection and anti-dumping measures on most of their Chinese imports. For example, on the importations of China electronics, the China-based manufacturers were first charged with IPR infringement. Then the EU in 2005 also concurrently filed anti-dumping case against the Chinese electronics (Huang, 2010). All of which have helped fuel the long trade disputes between China and the EU.       The anti-dumping policies of the EU have always been characterized by bias trends towards the affected domestic producers. This is most certainly the case being investigated against the supposed (NME) non-market economy countries like China. For a long time, exporting producers from China have been far worse treated as compared to other countries. They had to show that they pendant for their market status, by undergoing very strict regulations that were not required from other foreign exporters belonging to the WTO.       In addition, China enjoyed fewer regulation privileges as compared to other foreign exporters due to the limited access given to the cultivation utilized for the vetting of the injury margin or dumping regulations. A mistakable EU bias of its producers could be found in the way it proves the creation of hazardous material within the EU industries. In such cases rather of analyzing a substantial size of the industry as a whole, the EU on focused on a small portion of the total industry strictly comprising of companies that support the imposing of anti-dumping measures.Eu brazil nut protectionism dispute       The EU change at the WTO a trade case against brazil nut that seems potentially explosive. The Latin America trade giant received for the first time after almost ten years a case over what it claims are protectionist charges levied on automobiles and other imports. The case is being filled amidst worry that Brazil has over the recent years become more protectionists in nature. The initiative to seek a hearing at the WTO comes as both sides seek to rejuvenate the initial long-standing trade agreement between the Mercosur and the European Union. Officials from the EU recently affirmed that the rising number of tax measures recently introduced by Brazil were not in line with the WTO policies and therefore, provided the domestic industries with undue advantage, while safeguarding them from external opposition.       Initially, Brazils move was thought to be aimed at Chinese automobile importers, who in 2011 controlled most of the topical anesthetic Brazilian market due to the aid of ingenious marketing strategies employ by the Brazilian media. Recently the EU openly declared that it was delirious by the wrong path taken by Brazil on its policies and taxes affirming that such broad tax initiatives also affected smart phones, computers and semiconductors. Such moves negatively affect the EU exporters who se products were levied more than their local counterparts. The EU complained that the implementation also affects the Brazilian citizens since they would now be left with little choice, high prices and lower access to original products.       The protectionism claims were strongly rejected by the Brazilian side, and they maintain that the Latin America trade bloc had solid counter arguments to show they fully adhered with the WTO trade regulations. Analysts reviewing the continuing dispute have claimed that the EU-Brazil case opens the doorway for more trade cases against Brazil. This implies that there are more cases against Brazil by other WTO members and companies, many of them have endured the injustice since the Brazil market is very lucrative. But now with the slowed economy, it is evident that the WTO members and involved companies are now less lenient towards the Latin America trade bloc (Grina, 2014).       The ordaineds at the EU have sai d they had brought up the Brazil tax complaints in other former bilateral talks but had do no developments in sorting the problem. The move by the EU to ask for an official hearing of the issue in the WTO gives both parties a 60-day grace period to come up with an amicable solution. If no solution is reached within that timeframe, the EU will be permitted to ask for a formal committee to hear the case, which could impose against Brazil punitive trade restrictions.India-eu trade disputes       The EU and India in 2007 began talks on a wider investment and trade agreement BTIA (Broad based Trade and Investment Agreement) with the intent of opening up trade in services, goods and investment. However even after several negotiation sessions, there has been very little development due to several unresolved issues. Until such issues can be solved a trade agreement between the two nations will never come to pass, and the WTO policies will continue regulating the trades betw een the two members (Wouters, Goddeeris, Natens, & Ciortuz, 2013).       The EU on automobiles would like to see the eventual elimination of the duty import, whereas India wants to maintain it at 10 %. Talks on opening up regulations on the public procurement as well as the insurance sector have been particularly hard. Though, India is still in the path of changing its laws on foreign investments. The EU wants India to verify its commitment by passing a public procurement bill, which has not and been submitted to the Indian parliament for approval. The gross domestic product markets in India, according to public procurement, accounts for 15- 20 percent. This is due to the needs of the infrastructure in a wide variety of areas that include energy, telecom, roads, railway and healthcare these areas are of unornamented concern for the development of the EU commerce (Wouters, Goddeeris, Natens, & Ciortuz, 2013).       Simultaneously, India aims to benefit its IT sector with the trade agreements. It mandates the EU to upgrade its status to that of a secure entropy state. Such recognitions are viewed as important for the Indian based IT familys expansion. In addition, India is negotiating for its professionals to be given more open indorse to the EU. India had complained over the EU seizing generic medicine that had been in transit through the region. Even though the two parties later solved the problem there are still some significant aspects of the dispute that still emerge.       The EU in 2003 asked for talks with India in relation to 27 anti-dumping allegations in regards to several EU export products that, included chemicals, pharmaceuticals, steel, textile and paper. The EU was of the opinion that there was no proof of the alleged dumping accusations and that there was qualified analysis of the casualties and injury. Since then India has terminated progress on most of the contend issues these includ e those on pharmaceutical and steel products, the problem remains un-resolved and under consultation (Khorana, & Garcia, 2013).       India in 2010 also asked for talks with the Netherlands and EU in relation to the reported genetic medicines seized on the grounds of patent breach. The taken drugs had been produced in India and were being transported through airports and ports in the Netherlands to Brazil, which was the primary destination. India claims that the alleged Dutch and EU measures were against their agreements under the (GATT) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade and the agreement under the (TRIPs) Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights regulations. It was not until 2011 that the dispute was sorted through mutual consensus.       According to the consensus, the fact that medicines are passing through the EU territory and that there is a patent title warranted by such products in the EU area. In itself does not give much flat coat for EU customs authority to suspect the patent rights violation. Proof can provide such basis that the medicine might be re-routed onto EU markets. The Indian medicine conflict perhaps might arise, on the basis of the extent of (IPR) intellectual property rights on third world economies (Wouters, Goddeeris, Natens, & Ciortuz, 2013).US and EU Power Struggle       In comparison, these two properly trade blocks have no difference in the ways they show their dominance in different regions. Mostly they achieve this through agreements that they often have over their access to the market for their goods, capital and services in other areas. Agreements with EU have often been more involved on mutual concessions over levies, rations, and technical obstacles. Nonetheless, they can sometimes be asymmetrical. either because the EU could be making steeper reductions or the value of the EU reductions could be larger following the size of the regional bloc. Failure to last such asymmetries means that the EU, similar to the US, uses prejudiced bilateral agreements to pry open the available markets that are found in the area as an supercede for accessing its markets. Regionally, EUs power has taken the form of less stainless mutual concessions (Cooper, 2014).       As more states join the EU, it wants to satisfy its members goals by realizing economies of casing via bloc-to-bloc pacts. Such first bi-regional trade agreement are still being negotiated since 2000 mainly involving the EU and Mercosur, which is a customs union created in 1991. It is to be followed by ASEAN (the Association of South East Asian Nations) as new economic partnership agreements (EPAs) with, among others, the Caribbean countries and the Gulf Cooperation Council. It cannot be denied that Latin America specially, has made such moves partly in consideration to reaction by regular armys drive towards regionalism.       The EU and the US have always been set-aside(p) in a battle of supremacy since their establishment as trade giants. Each side has been trying to guarantee their members and partners that they have an unrelenting access to markets and resilience in trade and regulatory deals. In addition, both have also tried using their power in trade to practise the type of western dominion. Mainly Over the developing countries, especially towards the so-called new issues that pertain to services as well as intellectual property that were initially made In China and later introduced during the Uruguay Round. Currently, little co-operation exists between the EUUS regulatory bodies. These two powers have kind of began pursuing sharply diverging tactics, which often came up with opposing alliances like during the Hong Kong meeting of the Doha Round that happened in December 2005 (Teorell, 2010). resultant       As shown by the paper, it is evident that the EU mostly uses its undisputed trade prowess t o pursue objectives that are often non-trade related. Like in the case of China wines dispute and misuse of trade defense instruments. The EU therefore, attempts to forcibly fashion the trade blocs in its image either through conditionality or by force. This shows the way the various quarrels among of the different member states make it hard for the EU to project its dominance more evidently to the entire world (Teorell, 2010).       Nonetheless, such divergences are themselves a byproduct or an expression of active tensions between various alternative priorities or even norms that must simultaneously be committed to by the EU machinery. They include nondiscrimination and bilateral preferential relations, regionalism and multilateralism, western hegemony and mediating power, trade liberalization and domestic preferences, internal and external goals, equal partnership and conditional opening. It will then be difficult for the EU to effectively become a power through trade without addressing what the majority of the world considers being unsustainable contradictions (Maggi & Staiger, 2012).ReferenceAndres, R. B., & Kofman, M. (2011). European energy security reducing volatility of Ukraine-Russia natural gas pricing disputes. subject DEFENSE UNIV WASHINGTON DC INST FOR NATIONAL STRATEGIC STUDIES.Cooper, W. H. (2014). EU-US scotch Ties Framework, Scope, and Magnitude.Diakun, A. (2012). EU Foreign Policy in Ukraine Policy Shortcomings and Russias Countervailing host (Doctoral dissertation, Central European University).Grina, J. J. 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