The Lost Tools of Learning

Response to The Lost Tools of Learning Sayers believed the main problem with modern education is that children aren’t being taught to think. She believed that public education does not teach students how to understand relationships between subjects, nor does the public system teach students how to make sense of the information they learned. She was frustrated that adults cannot properly debate a question, write a lucid article in the newspaper or think for themselves when it comes to evaluating propaganda or advertising. Sayers was disheartened that students are learning everything except the art of learning itself.Her argument against our current education system reminds me of the saying, â€Å"Give a man a fish and he eats for a day. Teach a man to fish and he eats for life. † Instead of just teaching subjects we should be teaching thinking, arguing and how to express conclusions. If we teach students with a different approach which focuses on the art of how to learn something new and how to make connections among the subjects we learn, then we will be educated on a deeper level – not just having knowledge, but understanding and wisdom as well.The Trivium is Sayers answer to our problems with the current education system. The Trivium consist of three parts: Grammar, Dialectic and Rhetoric. These are not subjects studied individually, but methods of studying subjects. Grammar is the first part which involves learning the language and structure of a subject. Specifically, Sayers believed the Grammar stage should include observation and memorization of key concepts in Latin, Literature, History, Geography, Science and Math.For example, the grammar of History should include dates, events, anecdotes and personalities. Dialectic, or Logic is the next stage where a student learns how to use this language through analysis of the subjects. In this stage a student takes the knowledge from the grammar stage and begins to build a deeper understanding by reasoning and analyzing what he’s learned. Rhetoric is the third stage which involves being able to critique the subject – to speak and write intelligently and defend opinions and ideas about a certain topic or subject.In this stage students will put the things memorized from the Grammar stage into new context and the concepts they analyzed in the Dialectic stage will be synthesized with new insight and perspective. A student in the Rhetoric stage will be able to articulate his thoughts and opinions of a concept. Through the Trivium students are able to learn independently, analyze logically, think critically and communicate clearly. Each stage is a building block towards a deeper level of understanding. Integration of subjects is a key difference between classical education and instruction from the public education system.In the public education system, students are taught subjects in isolation. As they get older they are encouraged to specialize in one subject. B y learning through the stages of the Trivium, students are able to understand that subjects aren’t isolated, but that everything is interrelated. As they progress through the stages of the Trivium, they learn how to make connections among subjects and put things they have learned into context together. Integration of subjects also makes new learning easier. Students who have learned how to learn can easily master a new subject.

Mount Plesant

Opgave A – Mount Pleasant Mount Pleasant from 2005 is an odd little short story. The story’s narrative technique and language is very unique, because it allows you to see a child’s world from its perspective. The way the story is written makes you think of your own childhood where ghosts and the darkness were the scariest things in the whole wide world. Below, I will analyze this odd little short story, and also give you an interpretation of Mary-Louise Buxton’s Mount Pleasant where she so curiously write about Elizabeth and her imaginative everyday life.The short story is about a girl Elizabeth who narrates the reader through her every day life. How she discovers the world, how she see her parents and how she interpret things. This short story is not like any other short story, because normally you would have this big climax, with life-changing experiences, and a main theme to tell you how to live your life. This story is â€Å"just† a little child ’s experiences. The thing that makes this story interesting is the extraordinary first-person narrator.The story is in a way written like some sort of diary by a six-year-old. I think the narrator is about six because she talks about the boy on the picture and he looks around 9-10 not much older than her: â€Å"He’s maybe nine or ten, not that much older than I am† The Narrator does not alter the spoken language; it makes the story seem a bit messy but also childish. The language is a big part of this short story because the writer, Mary-Louise, plays with names for objects and concepts, words and the way the different parts of the story are put together.Talking about names, it could be names such as: â€Å"Mammy† â€Å"The Look† â€Å"Granny ‘Omi’s Duckering Ball† â€Å"Babby† â€Å"Boo Boo† Playing with nicknames like this gives the story a childish feeling, and if Mary-Louise had chosen to use a â€Å"grown-upà ¢â‚¬  language the story would not have been the same, so this is most likely why this kind of language is chosen. You instantly know the narrator is a child, because the little girl are having a constant urge for being entertained. It is hard for her to focus.It is seen a couple of times in the story, at first it is kind of confusing, but the second time you read the story the meaning of it gets more clear. The best example is when she is talking about her mother’s behavior, in the situation where her dad puts the picture of the little boy on the mantelpiece. Then out of nowhere our protagonist begins talking about the area and how everyone know her and her sister, how the nuns treat them, the different shops in the area, and then followed by a very descriptive list of sweets you can get at the corner in the tub shop: And then there’s the tub shop on the corner where you can go in and buy big tubs of ice cream, and get sweets out of great big glass jars behind the co unter – raspberry ruffles and chewing nuts and chocolate raisins and liquorice sticks and ice cups and strawberry boot lace† And after talking about the candy she suddenly returns to the time and place she broke loose from. Changing the subjects is confusing, but also what you would expect a child to do. Another thing that keeps it childish is the small ‘wake up! ’ line such as Mammy said not to get dirty. † â€Å"We never want to go home. † They spice up the language, and would definitely be something a child would do. It fits very well with the narrative structure of the story If you look at the characters other than the protagonist, you immediately think of the parents. I think it is good writing, because not only is the parents the most important character in a child’s life, it is also two of the most important character in this short story. You get the impression that the mother is the strict one: If I see that bloody picture again at tea time† â€Å"Mammy said not to get dirty† The father is the exact opposite he is the fun one, the one who lets Elizabeth and her sister stay op late and the less strict one. The father has a more childish language saying Boo Boo and Bobby dazzler. However, the father may not be as sweet and loving as you would expect. One night he takes his two daughters to bed and the dog will no move and instead of calling it by its name he is saying ‘dog’ and then he slaps the dog so hard that it gets scared and hide under the table.I did not notice it at first because our narrator does not make it unusually and a big deal, it makes you think that it could have happened before. All through the story I waited for something bad or devastating to happen, but nothing happened, or maybe the real disaster is hidden? In the end it is mentioned that the mother picks up the picture of the boy and puts it back on to the mantelpiece, and you hear Elizabeth’s thoughts a bout it dropping down in the night. But earlier in the story it says: â€Å"I run to the mantelpiece and put the picture in the grate†She had put it there herself, so it could be understood as a symbol of disorder. The night where this happens could very well be the night where Elizabeth sees a ghost walking around and locking her to her bed. When you have a child as your narrator, it is always hard to tell if something really happened, maybe Elizabeth did see this ghost, or it could be that nothing happened during that night, it was just normal behavior from a child who were scared in the dark. It is a hard deal knowing when children speak the truth and when they overreact.This story is definitely not like your typical short story, it is cryptic and you have to read it a few times before you get what is going on. Maybe the message is just how a child sees the world and how you have to remember to dream and imagine, with themes such as being imaginative, childhood and fear. à ¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [ 1 ]. P. 2 L. 59 [ 2 ]. p. 1 l. 1 [ 3 ]. p. 2 l. 46 [ 4 ]. p. 2 l. 49 [ 5 ]. p. 1 l. 28 [ 6 ]. p. 2 l. 69 [ 7 ]. p. 3 l 91-94 [ 8 ]. p. 1 l. 18 [ 9 ]. p. 3 l. 114 [ 10 ]. p. 2 l. 53 [ 11 ]. p. 1 l. 18 [ 12 ]. p. 5 l. 164

Media and Body Image †Essay Essay

How does the media influence our body image? In what forms, does the media influence our perceptions about our body? These were the two questions that I asked myself in order to do the research paper and the panel discussion. In my opinion, I would agree that the media does influence and promote women and men to believe that the culture’s standards for body image are ideal. Hence, the phrases, â€Å"thin is in† and â€Å"the perfect body† are two examples of â€Å"eye-catching† headlines that I observed in many women magazines. I learned that the media influences us through television, fashion and health magazines, music videos, film, commercials, and various other advertisements. Sadly, as a result, this repeated exposure, the â€Å"thin† ideal, can lead many young girls in triggering eating disorders, depression, low self-esteem, stress, and suicide. After acquiring this relevant information, I decided to focus my research on what type of media in fluences elementary school children and the adolescent teenager. The three central types of media that I found that did indeed influence body image are: Fashion magazines, famous top-models and actresses, and teenage or young adult women in the music industry. According to the Seretean Center for Health Promotion, † the term, â€Å"body image† has been coined to describe a person’s inner sense of satisfaction or dissatisfaction with the physical appearance of her/his body.† (From The Wellness Column, April 1, 1996.) In my research, I found that many young girls are dissatisfied with their bodies and many â€Å"strive† to look like the â€Å"waif-thin† models or actresses one sees on television or in fashion magazines. There was a lot of information and facts on body and image that I found on the Internet. However, one website, Just Think Foundation, supported my belief that the media, magazines in particular, do indeed influence young girls to be â€Å"thin† in order to be popular and beautiful in our society. For example, I was in alarmed to learn that â€Å"eighty percent of 10-year-old American girls diet; more than five million Americans suffer from eating disorders and ninety percent of those are adolescent and young adult women; the number one magic wish for young girls age 11-17 is to be thinner; and between elementary and high school, the percentage of girls in the U.S. who are â€Å"happy with the way I am† drops from 60% to 29%.† (from Just Think Foundation) These facts were  from the JTF’s Body Image Project compiled by Jean Holzgang that is an awareness campaign on body image. In fashion magazines, many young girls see â€Å"waif-thin† models like Kate Moss who is one of many top models that sadly represents the â€Å"perfect† body image that young girls are striving towards. Unfortunately, many teen girls do not understand that looking exactly like their favorite supermodel is unrealistic. In fact, as for the supermodel photos, many are retouched before they are printed out, the â€Å"fashion clothes† are often duct-taped to enhance fit, many blemishes are covered or altered, there is at least two inches removed from the thighs, and the average fashion model weighs 23-25% less than the average woman. All this in order to create that â€Å"ideal† or â€Å"perfect† body image everyone is striving for and sadly dying for. This compulsion to be â€Å"thin† has led many young girls to have a negative body image that dangerously paves the way to eating disorders, such as Anorexia and Bulimia, in order for them to achieve their desire for thinness. In television and movies, many teen girls watch and observe these actresses, such as Calista Flockhart, Courtney Cox, Jennifer Aniston, Gweneth Paltrow, Lara Flynn Boyle, and many others who have seemed to have went from an â€Å"average† weight to a â€Å"sickly, death look†. This seems to be setting a dangerous trend for the American culture, particularly women and young girls. In fact, there are endless images of thin women on television, in movies, in women and men’s magazines and in commercials. For instance, these â€Å"Hollywood role models† do have a great impact on young viewers and many parents are very worried that their daughters are trying to imitate their favorite stars. According to Adrienne Ressler, body-image specialist at the Renfrew Center in Coconut Creek, Fla., â€Å"For adolescents, the ideal for the person they want to be when they grow up is either a movie star, TV actress or supermodel, and the emphasis is very much on external appearance. Our patients would die-and practically do-to look like Calista Flockhart.† ( People, 10-18-99) In the music industry, the most popular media influence is the music video and the types of fashion trends the performer displays onstage. The most popular young adult performer is teen sensation Britney Spears. This pretty, young lady is only 17 years old and already has had a huge impact on the teen girls. For example, recently, Miss Spears was on the cover of Rolling Stone magazine and she stirred up controversy when it appeared to look like the singer had  breast enhancements or simply, breast implants. (In all fairness, I did not have a chance to view that cover of Rolling Stone.) Miss Spears has denied the breast implant allegation and is quoted as saying; â€Å"her mother would kill her if she had such a operation.† However, I read that many fans believe that she does look different from her first video, Baby One More Time, with her latest, Sometimes, in that her breasts do look like they were surgically enhanced. This rumor has a great deal of parents worried that their own daughters might want to emulate the teen pop idol because she is promoting the â€Å"ideal image† of a young girls body. Another example of a â€Å"music video† image is Victoria Beckham (Posh Spice) of the well-known Spice Girls. She was considered a â€Å"head-turner† because of her curvaceous good looks and designer clothes. So, know one would have thought of her as over-weight or too curvy, but at a recent Fashion party, many onlookers were stunned to see â€Å"Beckham’s jutting ribs and collarbones† that fellow guests replied, â€Å"She definitely looks like she’s had a dramatic weight loss.† (People, 10-18-99) These two examples plus the dozens of others I have read thro ugh my research, have allowed me to come to the conclusion that, many of Hollywood’s most notable actresses and performers have become partners in the â€Å"thin is in† look in this industry. In my opinion, this is very disturbing and very dangerous for many young girls who look up to these women as â€Å"Role models.† In conclusion, I hope that T.V., magazines, music videos, commercials, retail stores and other mediums realize that there are women of all different shapes and sizes, there is a higher percentage of women that are usually an average size of 12 and there is evidence that a lesser percentage of women who are a size 2 to 4. Unfortunately, it is the size 2 to 4 women who are being recognized as the â€Å"ideal† body image in our society. Furthermore, I would rather have more women like Kate Winslet, Rosie O’Donnell, Emme, and many other â€Å"average† women on the covers of popular magazines and in television. These are the â€Å"true role models† for me, the ones who promote healthy ways to lose weight, promote healthy ways to like yourself for who you are, and not promote the unhealthy â€Å"body image† that engrosses our mind

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions Assignment - 2

Managing Financial Resources and Decisions - Assignment Example It summarizes all of the revenue and expense items of the firm and presents the final result in term of profit and loss, for a given period of time. Financial statements are prepared to present and record information regarding the financial position of a firm at a given point in time, to show performance of the firm during the particular period, and to depict changes in performance during that period. This information is used by the different users of financial statements to make their decisions. 5. Impact of Inflation:- Financial statements do not account for the impact of inflation hence â€Å"Cannot be a true reflection of growth where the economy is infected with a high level of inflation†. [IBP 2011] 7. Measurability:- Financial statements only record the information that is measureable and do not account for qualitative characteristics and assets and efficiency, competence of workforce and goodwill etc. suitable option available to Paul and Sarah’s. Moreover another benefit of using this option according to Boyneclarke .com is that â€Å"you relinquish no control over your business.† [http://www.boyneclarke.com/ resources/entry/sources-of-business-financing] so investing personal savings will also secure control of the partners on their business and will result in avoiding many managerial and regulatory complexities. Both of the partners Paul and Sarah can invest their personal savings at any agreed ratio into the business to finance its expansion. Paul and Sarah’s. They can add new partners into their business who can provide required financing, moreover if they succeed in adding a competent business partner then it can not only provide financing but also can provide business acumen and can help in administration. it is an equity investment so entails high risk, so venture capital organizations require high expected rate of return on their investment, as

Operations management Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Operations management - Lab Report Example According to Jones and Lockwood (2001), the industry is a complex assembly of customer processing, information processing, and material processing that leads to process choice of hybrid types inclusive of job shops, batch production, mass customization, and mass production all within the same operation (Jones, Lockwood, 2001), Additionally, the specific content of the industry does not always allow process layout to closely match process type, and the theory of Operations Management becomes difficult to apply (Jones and Lockwood, 2001). It is in this context the operations of Budget Hotels and its Luxury counterpart will be compared, and the results will there lacked the level of accuracy, and absoluteness prevalent in operations like the auto industry and other manufacturing entities. According to Dejong (2010), the difference between Budget Hotels and a Luxury Hotels, is that budget hotels tend to derive more value from operations given the leaner cost structures that are based on lower capital investments, land cost, and the staff to hotel room ratio. They are therefore able to achieve higher operating returns, which facilitate higher contributions to the hotel bottom lines (Dejong, H. 2010). Luxury Hotels on the other hand, according to Dejong (2010), are considered less risky then Budget Hotels in terms of development prospects, in that the entry barriers to new entrants are very high in this segment of the market. Studies have shown that Luxury Hotels are normally established in urban or resort areas, where they are characterized by the low number of available sites for development, compared to Budget Hotels which are found principally along highways, in close proximity to airports, and in suburban areas (Dejong, H. 2010). The strategy in locating these hotels in theses different areas separates and characterize the customers will be attracted to them, and the financial status and satisfaction desire levels of customers will play a critical role in decidi ng who chooses a luxury hotel as against the budget hotel. Economic conditions of the market, is also a key factor on the development choices of investors, and where the loan value ratios are decreasing compare to earlier periods like 2010 versus 2008, lower capital will be required to build budget hotels instead of luxury, and it is in this direction many business entrepreneurs will resort to achieve financial success and stability (Dejong, H. 2010). The hotel Investment climate criteria is one major reason why investors are turning to Budget Hotels in South America, Central America, Asia, especially in Brazil, India, China, and Dubai, instead of Luxury Hotels according to Dejong (2010). The criteria have an investment component and a market related component. Investors look at the investment horizon, the medium objectives, and risk tolerance before looking at the market related aspect which include the maturity of the destination markets being targeted, the supply and demand and t he state of the credit market before deciding whether the cost and returns from luxury and or budget hotels are attractive enough to warrant the investment of their capital (Dejong, 2010). According to Dejong (2010), substantial saving opportunities are available for companies that incorporate budget properties into their managed hotel programs over luxury hotels, and other upscale properties.

Human Trafficking Today Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Human Trafficking Today - Essay Example From where she was seated, she chanced upon a conversation between a rich-looking man and a girl about her age. The man was offering the girl a job as a waitress in the nearby city, the pay was good and an opportunity to earn extra from customer's tips. She inched her way towards the two, and joined the conversation. In less than ten minutes, a small crowd has formed. The following day, she along with the same small group who gathered together the other day, they were already on their way to the big city. A brothel awaits these young girls. Drugged until they were numb, they were sold for sex and prostitution until the next batch of new girls arrive from the countryside. A woman leisurely strolling in the mall with her toddler in tow and her young child in her arms was busy looking around. Quite excited about the extra money she has, she unconsciously let go of her toddler. The child was looking around when a decent looking woman picked him up. Instead of turning him over to the customer services to have her mother claim him, he was taken to a van, where other 'lost' children awaits. They were transported 300 miles outside the state. The children were made to beg for money ran by an organized group. When they grow up, they will be trained to do more complicated crimes such as robbery and will be in-charge of kidnapping young children. These three stories may differ in plot but the main substance is present in all: it shows of how a person is transported, abused and discarded. It shows a gross disregard of a person's basic right to life, to freedom and to security. The stories are primitive and barbaric. These are real stories of present day Human Trafficking. By definition, human trafficking " shall mean the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons by means of threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, or abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person for the purpose of exploitation ((http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfmID=66,1)." On the other hand, it is very crucial to define another term, often mistaken as one and the same crime for the purpose of clarity and accuracy. Human Smuggling is "the procurement, in order to obtain, directly or indirectly, a financial or other material benefit, of the illegal entry of a person into a state party which the person is not a national or permanent resident (http://www.migrationinformation.org/feature/display.cfmID=66,1)." The similar aspects are that, the victims are transported to another city or nation, that they are lured by false promises and economic rewards. They however differ in substance, where in human smuggling the one who benefits in the long run is the (so-called) victim of the act, where in human trafficking the sole beneficiary is the oppressor himself, and victims are not rewarded in anyway; another difference is the amount of information given out to the victims; in human smuggling, the victims know where they are going, are given instruction as how to take cover, feign an arrest and work as co-conspirators while in human trafficking, the victims have less or no idea at all where they

Theory and Practice of Successful Entrepreneurship Case Study

Theory and Practice of Successful Entrepreneurship - Case Study Example Henry Ford helped Americans In solving many problems that were related to industrialization. His main dream was to enhance peace in the world by creating good relation among nations.   Bringing Henry’s statement to a real-life situation, it seems to make sense because industrialization is somehow connected to civilization and civilization, in this case, means a high level of literacy.   According to the research carried out over the last ten years, it is evidently true that the main cause of war is idleness. For instance, the issue of unemployment tends to serve as a major threat to the economic status of a country.   The jobless will always clutch at anything o earn a living and this is what has led to an increase in crime rates following the statistics of various countries. Industrialization may also lead to the establishment of various businesses hence providing employment opportunities to the jobless. Looking at the various entrepreneurship activities and strategies, there is a certain barrier in the field of entrepreneurship and innovation. Henry being an entrepreneur, his statement can be proved true through looking at some of the enterprenual activities in both the past and present. Over the past few years, there has been a sort of re-evaluation of the whole concept of entrepreneurship all that it takes for someone to become one. Authorities and governments in various places have recognized the necessity and the importance of nurturing entrepreneurs. Many governments, across the world, have come to discover the vital role entrepreneurs play in the political, economic and social welfare of citizens or a nation as a whole. In the U.K. for instance, business enterprises are the main drivers of the economy and that is why UK government has come up with policies that target entrepreneurs in a bid to improve the economic performance of their government. Entrepreneurial activity and minds are vital to building a stable and sustainable economy. This can be explained in so many ways, for instance, it creates job opportunities, growth and makes the currency stronger. A number of things do contribute to increasing entrepreneurial activities in a country and in the developi ng of an entrepreneurial economy. The UK Government is so determined to promote  Ã‚   enterprises particularly those activities which aim at achieving economic goals and those that also aim at increasing the productivity of the UK as an economic block.

Logistic Challenges When Bussineses Expand into the BRICS Market Research Paper

Logistic Challenges When Bussineses Expand into the BRICS Market - Research Paper Example This objective should be accomplished when the policies are associated to multicultural knowledge. This research paper further aims to emphasize the significance of the logistics transport system and the infrastructure to achieve economic development. Additionally, it signifies other challenges including the political instability, fewer mediums of transportation, in-advancement of IT and much more. Possible solutions to these problems are also recommended. Background BRIC is generally portrayed as Big Four, BRICs or BRIC markets. A grouping acronym, BRIC is a group of four countries namely, Brazil, Russia, India and China which are believed to be at a similar stage of economic development. BRIC markets are one of the most emerging markets and are of great interest to the companies around the world (Dash, 2007). According to A. G. Canen & I. Tammela, logistics portrays the administration of the movement of services and goods from point of production to the point of consumption to meet customer requirements. It is a medium of supply chain which helps to put in the worth of place utility and time. Logistics involves the amalgamation of transportation, packaging, inventory, information, material handling, security and warehousing. 1.1 Significance of the Study Through this research I attempt to find out numerous logistics challenges faced by the businesses while their expansion into the BRIC markets. 1.2 Research Questions and Objectives Research Questions Research Objectives 1. What are the logistics challenges faced by the businesses while expanding into BRICs markets? 2. Why are these challenges said to be relevant? 3. What are the types of solutions to these challenges? 1. To identify the logistics challenges faced by the businesses while expanding into BRICs markets. 2. To work out the relevance of these challenges. 3. To recognize the types of solutions to these challenges. 1.3 Scope of the Study The data was mainly collected from secondary sources including books, articles, internet and journals. 1.4 Critical Review of Literature I am succeeded in illustrating the literature consisting of articles and journals on the research subject matter. The reviewed literature refined my knowledge concerning the m atter of the study and provided me with a number of study materials published prior related to the research matter, thus supported the significance of this study. 1.5 Hypothesis The research objective is to test the following hypothesis: H1: IT for logistics management is the most important challenge faced by the businesses. H2: The economic growth of BRIC markets relative to G7 countries is inferior. 1.6 Research Method Only qualitative approach was employed to investigate the matter. 1.7 Data Collection Methods For qualitative research, secondary data has been used including articles, internet and journals. 1.8 Ethical Considerations Efforts were made to minimize errors. Complete responsibility was taken to produce work without any bias. Confidentiality, integrity of data, errors and negligence, social responsibility, non-discrimination legal were given prior consideration during execution of this study. 1.9 Limitations The major limitation of this research is that it is relying o n secondary data only. Moreover, the data collected might be biased and provide restricted information due to distinctive perceptions of the authors included in the literature of the research. CHAPTER TWO: LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 BRIC Markets BRIC is generally portrayed as Big Four, BRICs or BRIC markets. A grouping acronym, BRIC is a group of four countries namely, Brazil, Russia, India and China which are believed to be at a similar stage of economic development. BRIC markets are one of the most emerging markets and are of great interest to the companies around the world (Dash, 2007).

Renaissance in Italy and in Northern Europe Research Paper

Renaissance in Italy and in Northern Europe - Research Paper Example Other factors that contributed to the development of renaissance include the texts brought to Italy when Constantinople fell to the hands of the Ottoman Turks ad the migration of Greek scholars. The following paragraphs provide an exploration of these factors and more. Some historians argue that renaissance had its origin starting from 13th century as depicted by the writings of Francenso Petrarca (1304-1374) and Dante Alighieri (1265-1321), and the painting of Giotto di Bondone (1267-1337). Those who support the view that renaissance started from 1401 point to the rivalry that existed between geniuses Filippo Brunelleschi and Lorenzo Ghiberti as the cause of renaissance. Jensen (1992) reveals that the two people competed to for a contract to construct the bronze doors of the Florence Cathedral’s Baptistery. Other historians hold the view that general competition between polymaths and artists like Masaccio, Ghiberti, Brunelleschi and Donatello for artistic missions caused the explosion of the creativity of renaissance (Jensen, 1992). The socio-political structures in Italy general had a good part to play in the emergence of renaissance. The socio-political structures in Italy general had a good part to play in the emergence of renaissance. This is because there existed a unique political structure in Italy during the Middle Ages. For example, the country did not exist as a political entity. Instead, it was divided into territories and states (Clare and Millen, 1994). Some of the states like the republic of Florence had remarkable merchant Republics for example the Venice Republic. This practice had some features of democracy and the states involved were responsive with belief in liberty and forms of participation in government. Therefore, these states enjoyed a relative political freedom, condition which created conducive environment for artistic and academic advancement. The emergence of renaissance can also be linked to the relative positions of some I talian cities like Venice. These cities were great trading centers and this made them intellectual crossroads. Merchants who came to these cities brought with them ideas from their countries spread over the globe, especially the Levant. Venice was a producer of glass and the gateway for trade between Europe and the East while Florence was the capital of textiles. This brought in much wealth which led to more private and public artistic commissions and people having more leisure time for study (Cronin, 1969). Between 1348-1350, Europe was hit by the Black Plague/Death in Florence. This resulted to a shift in the way the world viewed people and life in general in the 14th-century Italy. For example, familiarity with death caused thinkers to focus more on their lives on earth instead of spirituality and afterlife. The Black Death therefore led to the sponsorship of religious works of art (Clare and Millen, 1994). There was also an unusual social climate in Italy which motivated the dev elopment of rare cultural efflorescence. This situation was more pronounced in Florence because it had a unique cultural life which is though to have caused the emergence of renaissance as a cultural movement (Turner, 2005). In 1453, the Byzantine Empire fell and this was accompanied by the closing of higher learning institutions by the Ottoman Turks. This caused the immigration of many

Ethical issues In HealthCare Informatics Applies to nursing practice Research Paper

Ethical issues In HealthCare Informatics Applies to nursing practice and Education - Research Paper Example Besides, informatics has been widely used in nursing education process. Future nurses improve their reading, writing, and communication skills through blogs writing, participation in discussions, and writing journal entries. The ethical considerations of the use of informatics in nursing and health care are above all related to data security and data quality issues. Overall, informatics has brought numerous benefits to the field of nursing and nursing education, yet more should be done to resolve ethical dilemmas. Introduction Computers have greatly altered the way we do various things. Health care is not an exception. Within the sphere of health care, informatics is widely used. This paper examines benefits the benefits of health care informatics for nursing practice and education. It also focuses on ethical considerations of the use of informatics in nursing and health care. Benefits of Health Care Informatics for Nursing Recognition of information as the leading health resource ha s led to development of health care informatics (Conrick, 2006, p.12). ... ures which would help medical staff diagnose and treat customers in a more efficient and accurate way (â€Å"The History of Health Informatics†, 2013). Historically, benefits of computers for health care were recognized early in the 20th century, practically application of computers to health care did not became possible until 1950s, when informatics took off in the States. Early computers were mostly used for office purposes as large calculating machines. It is believed that the stage for further developments of health care informatics was set by Robert Ledley, an inventor of the body CT scanner, who used informatics in his dental projects carried out in collaboration with the National Bureau of Standards. After the invention of the LISP and MUMPS languages of programming in the 1960s, computers started to be seen as a means of creation of medical databases, diagnostic systems, and other programs related to health. Throughout the 1970s the potential of informatics for improvi ng data storage and overall quality of patient care was realized (Conrick, 2006, p.12). The cost-saving benefit of using computers in financial and management areas of health care was stated. At the same time, MYCIN was developed for the purposes of helping physicians find the bacteria that caused several infections, as well as recommend medication and dosage for treatment. Besides, it aimed at treating blood clotting problems. INTERNIST-1 was developed at around that time. It was conceived as a system that could be used for supplying medical information to non-medics. The major advancement of 1980s was the development of nursing information systems. This enabled physicians to document a few aspects of records for their patients, which included vital signs, medical orders, discharge planning, and

The Dammed Human Race Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The Dammed Human Race - Essay Example Hence, I disagree with Twain’s view because I believe that humans are superior to all animals because only men save money and food to prepare for the emergencies and only they have moral sense to use it for good and prevent wrong actions. Since, brutality and combativeness that form the basis of the criticism are seen in a few human beings’ behavior, humans cannot be graded as the lowest level animals. I believe that humans are the most superior animals firstly because the most distinguishing feature of humans is their prudence and their ability to preplan by accumulating money and food to prepare for the future use. Mark Twain argues that men save more money and food even if they have enough provisions because they are avaricious and greedy, while others are satisfied as long as their daily requirements are fulfilled. In one of his experiments, Twain gave wild and tame animals an opportunity to store vast amount of food but none of the animals stored food. He states th at these animals do not store food because they are not avaricious and miserly. However, animals do not store food like men because wild animals obtain food from the nature and tame animals are fed by humans. They do not need to store food. If animals cultivated their own food, they would have responded differently.

The Rate of Diffusion Essay Example for Free

The Rate of Diffusion Essay Abstract I found that this experiment gives me an understanding on how osmosis and  diffusion works. In its simplicity, it explains the process that our bodies (mainly cells)  use all the time. It also showed me that even with the temperature changing, it doesnt  drastically change the rate of diffusion. Introduction Diffusion is important in all living systems. Osmosis is the passage of water from a region of high water concentration through a semi-permeable membrane to a region of low water concentration (Purchon 1). Diffusion is the movement of a substance from an area of high concentration to low concentration (Biological 21). With this knowledge we tried to recreate diffusion for students to understand the process. The dialysis bags represented our selectively permeable membrane with the fluid inside it, sucrose. How much of the substance moves from the cup to the bag quickly depends on the temperature of the substance. The class used four different temperatures to measure the rate of diffusion. I thought that the rate of diffusion would increase as temperature increased because the more heat put into the process the quicker the molecules will move. The null hypothesis is that no matter what the temperature is the rate of diffusion will stay the same. Materials and Methods The materials used were a dialysis bag, string, pipet, beaker with water, 10% sucrose water, and a balance. The variables that we made standardized were the concentration of the solute, length of the dialysis bags, and time. Each group poured 10 milliliters of 10% sucrose into two 15 cm long dialysis bags and bent the end of the bags and tied them. Then the bags were immersed in water, dried, and measured. Next the bags were put into room temperature (about 20 °C), 60 ° C, 45 °C, or ice water (0 °C). Each group measured the bags three more times at 10 minute intervals drying them off each time. Once they finished, each group subtracted the final measurement from the initial to see how quickly the water diffused into or out of the bag. My partner and I did the experiment twice, once with ice water and the next in room temperature water. We had two dialysis bags for each of the two experiments that we did. The independent variable is ______________. The dependent variable is __________. Results The first two tables are the information that my partner and I got through our two experiments. The data from our experiments show that the rate of diffusion was faster with the room temperature water. The last table shows the classs data. The classs results show that the rate of diffusion occurs the fastest in room temperature water. Both my data and the rest of the classs data show that the rate of diffusion is fastest in room temperature water. The overall total weights of the dialysis bags immersed in room temperature water weighed the most which shows the rate of diffusion being the fastest in those experiments. Table 1 Graph 1: The Change in weight of the 2 diallysis bags of 10 ml of 10% sucrose left in ice water (2 °C). Time in minutes Weight of 1st bag in grams Weight of 2nd bag in grams 0 10.93 10.89 10 11.49 11.28 20 11.76 11.66 30 12.05 11.94 Total weight gained in each bag 1.12 1.05 Table Graph 2: The change in weight in the 2 dialysis bags of 10ml of 10% sucrose left in room temperature water (21 °C). Time in minutes Weight of 1st bag in grams Weight of 2nd bag in grams 0 10.92 10.92 10 11.56 11.45 20 12.08 11.90 30 12.56 12.35 Total weight gained in each bag 1.64 1.43 The change in weight in the 2 dialysis bags of 10ml of 10% sucrose left in room temperature water (21 °C). Table Graph 3: Each groups change in weight of each of the dialysis bags in the different types of water. 21-23 ° C Room Temperature 47-49 ° C 59-60 ° C 2 ° C ice water -1.77 .03 -0.30 .24 .16 .20 -0.38 .61 .34 .28 .06 .76 .35 .40 .16 .77 .42 .68 .56 .88 .76 .73 .75 .93 1.01 .89 .76 .96 1.05 2.06 .83 1.01 1.60 2.21 1.14 1.02 1.12 1.25 1.03 1.12 1.42 1.05 1.33 1.12 1.39 1.19 1.42 1.30 1.43 1.34 1.47 1.45 1.52 1.56 1.61 1.64 1.75 1.78 Total Average weight gain 1.05 overall 0.83 0.57 0.98 Each groups change in weight of each of the dialysis bags in the different types of water. Discussion The data seems to agree with me in the fact that the rate of diffusion was the quickest in the room temperature water. My partners and my experiments average was 1.085 grams with the ice water and 1.53 with the room temperature water. This shows that the rate of diffusion was faster in the room temperature water, but not by much; it only had 0.445 grams more than the bags that were in ice water. In the classs experiments, the bags in room temperature water only weighed 0.07 grams more than the bags in ice water. The bags in the 47-49 ° C range came as third fastest, leaving 59-60 ° C range dead last. They varied by 0.26 grams. Overall the rate of diffusion didnt make a huge jump in any certain temperature change in the water. It changed slightly, but not enough to make quite an impact on the process. This data also shows that there wasnt much change overall between room temperature water, ice water, and the 47-49 ° C water. The problem with this data is the class chart. It seems as though overall people messed up in very common ways. Some of the data were in the negative which probably means they either didnt tie the dialysis bag tight enough or poked a whole in the bag. Also, some people didnt have enough  time to complete the experiment at the correct interval time.

National identity in music: The Beatles

National identity in music: The Beatles Evaluate depictions of Britishness in the songs of the Beatles and 1990s Brit pop groups and discuss the relation between politics and music. A feature that is evident in the music of the Beatles from 1966 on wards is the way in which they use representations of everyday British cultural life. Such representations are not contained to the latter of the Beatles work but do take on a much more important role in the way the music is formed and words are written. Tracks like Eleanor Rigby, A Day in the Life, Penny Lane and Polythene Pam are all connected by their distinctive British sound and context. The Small Faces and the Kinks were also bands that had a keen eye for writing about different aspects of the lower to middle-class British peoples lives in the 1960s. A resurgence of this type of writing appeared in the 1990s with such Brit pop groups as Blur, Pulp and Oasis portraying an ever-changing view of Britain. I will begin my discussion by briefly looking at what it means to be British and discuss the connections between music and national identity. I will then analyse how the Beatles developed a distinctly British sound by looking at their influences and then give examples of this sound by referencing the bands music. National Identity in music and what it means to be British What does it mean to be British? Freedom? Democracy? Trial by jury? Freedom of speech? Acceptance? Tolerance? White? It would seem that politicians were unaware of what it meant until it started to fall away from us and deteriorate. The national flag, the Union Jack or Union Flag, is not a proud flag that we as one nation unite under as the Americans do with the Star-Spangled Banner. A regulation was previously in place across government that meant the Union Jack could only be flown 18 fixed days a year on government buildings (The governance of Britain green paper 2007). A regulation now waved. The government for specific forms of the military reserves the flag. It is used by the Royal Navy and as a way to display the rank of admiral of the fleet, which is the reason why it is still illegal for a civilian ship to fly it. In war time Britain we were defined by our one nation joining together to fight for a common purpose. The common man was out fighting against an evil dictatorship. We had one of the most advanced Naval forces in the world bringing technology in Britain to the forefront and an outs tanding air force, which repelled an overwhelming German attack at the Battle of Britain. But in the 64 years since the end of world war two Britain has seen many changes in its cultural make up. America has had a very powerful influence over the music we listen to, the way we dress and eat and we seek to replicate their dominant cultural traditions (Mundy 1999). We have seen an influx in the number of immigrants coming to Britain to live and work. Injecting a little of their culture into our own. Furthermore, the industries such as the ship building in Glasgow and Liverpool, the shoe factories in Northampton and the steal works in Scunthorpe and Sheffield have all but disappeared. The traditions that shaped the country and gave it international acclaim and recognition have been lost to overseas countries that have the technology to produce it cheaper. I will revise the sociological aspects of our changing culture later and analyse whether British society has changed over the years and if this has made Brit Pop differ from music of the 1960s. For now I will touch upon music and national identity and the reasons for national patriotism. Music has long been a fundamental tool in the study and assembly of national identities. Its intricate framework has been studied in great depth. Possibly one of the most obvious ways in which music is amalgamated with national identity is the national anthem. It provides an opportunity for people to obtain a state of deep heart felt emotion towards their country and is used in Britain before various sporting events, before the Queens Christmas Message and in the event of a royal announcement or death. Perhaps the oldest form of national pride is found in folk music, commonly described as an accurate look at a way of life as it was or a life about to fade away. Richard Middleton explains the real meaning of folk music well. The Romantics, who originated the concept, often thought of the people in the sense of a national essence. Or and this later became more common they thought of a particular part of the people, a lower layer, or even class. Middletons thoughts therefore could be applied to Brit Pop. With the eighties at an end, Margaret Thatchers government leaving record unemployment rates of 3 million unemployed, factories closed and there were cuts in spending. Things looked bleak and it was hard for young people to get a job. In the nineties Brit Pop, backed by this 60s inspired form of pop/rock with the qualities of folk music, exploded onto the scene. Artists such as Damon Albarn from Blur were writing songs that echoed issues regarding the lower classes and once again music was recognizable as being British. It is vital to understand what this British sound consists of and more importantly where it came from and who pioneered it. I will now go on to discuss the Beatles development as British artists and their everlasting footprint on music. The Beatles developing a British sound The Beatles were the first of a selection of bands from the 1960s to start a movement called the British Invasion. The name British Invasion was invented by the press to describe British bands that travelled to America and made a name for themselves. This all began in 1964 with the appearance of the Beatles on the Ed Sullivan show but was continually used to describe many British bands who made a huge impact on the American music market. Namely the Rolling Stones, The Who, The Small Faces, The Yardbirds and The Kinks with the Beatles making the largest impact. The Beatles cannot be so neatly categorised as the archetypal British band, as their style is so eclectic and borrows from many different cultures. Early on in their career, the band had been mainly focused on writing songs about love and the loss of a love with not much indication of Britishness in the lyrics but there were a few facts that made their style stand out from their American competitors. One such fact is the accent the group sang with. In the early 1960s, radio was populated with simple two-minute pop songs from American artists like Elvis Presley and British artists who sounded American like Cliff Richard and the Shadows. However, Lennon and McCartney were singing songs like I Wanna Hold Your Hand with a British accent. The Beatles were different, fusing exciting melodies with classical harmonies and a guitar sound that was full bodied and dominant. This brand new sound was one that defined the British sound of the sixties. When one says sound of the sixties it really m eans the period from 1963-1970, the Beatles era. Between 1955 and 1963 would be described as the sound of the fifties (Zarecki 2007). The Beatles changed music to a point that a child growing up in the 60s would call the records of the 50s oldies, a word still used today to describe the same records (Wald 2009). The musical education the Beatles received can be traced back as far as the mid 1930s when Robert Johnson, kindly named the Grandfather of Rock n Roll, was recording the blues/rock tracks which would be an inspiration for artists like the Memphis born B.B. King who in turn was greatly admired by another king, Elvis Presley. Elvis forged the rock n roll sound of the fifties that the Beatles loved. They covered many songs by Chuck Berry and Little Richard during their time in Hamburg in the early 1960s. John Lennon is famously quoted as saying, Nothing really affected me until I heard Elvis. If there hadnt been Elvis, there would not have been The Beatles But there was more to the Beatles sound. Although most of their influences came from America, they were not a band trying to replicate the American sound. Harmonies that the band integrated into songs were reminiscent of early Motown records and the Everly Brothers provided a strong influence when it came to producing close harmonies, a technique where the notes of a chord are sang within a narrow range. Influences of the Beatles were not confined to what had come before them. Throughout their career they continued to remain open to new influences. Paul McCartney sites one of his favourite albums as the 1966 album Pet Sounds by the Beach Boys and talks about its importance over the idea for creating the Beatles 1967 album Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band. It was Pet Sounds that blew me out of the water. I love the album so muchthat, I think, was probably the big influence that set me thinking when we recorded Pepper The Beatles were at the vanguard from 1966 onwards when music began to progress from the pop/rock love songs into something altogether more experimental and risky. Looking at the memoirs of Kate Paul (2000) makes it clear the significance art school training had on new artists, fashion and music. It was becoming more common for teenagers to attend Art School and this training is said to have shifted the thinking behind the writing of many bands and change British music forever. As musical ideas were changing so was the way people were thinking about art. Music and art were becoming more abstract and new and radical thinking was being poured into both. In 1961, a group of artists graduated from the Royal College of Art including David Hockey and Patrick Caulfield. This pair along with other young artists put the Pop Art style on the map. The style quickly became very popular and the artists involved in its production became fashionable celebrities receiving much notification in the pr ess. By 1968 for the very first time in the Twentieth Century, London had risen to become the world focus in art and Britain the focus for new and innovative art and music. Pop Art was not solely the reason for the popularity of the art scene in London. It was very diverse, and more artists were turning their hand to abstraction, which involved more gestural marks, block colours and interesting shapes. Sculpture also went through a great transformation in the sixties with sculptors such as Anthony Caro, whose interest in shape and colour came straight from America. Gone were the days of bronzed statues on plinths, now it was all about sheet metal and plastic arranged on the floor in amazing shapes. This environment of such an eclectic mix of artists and so much competition would have forced students to think in an original way. Just as artists were using new materials to create their work, musicians like the Beatles were using new instruments such as the Indian Sitar and using new t echniques like playing tape recordings in reverse to create never before heard sounds. George Martin often said that John Lennon would enter the studio every morning with the intent of sounding different to yesterday. John Lennon attended Liverpool Art College with friend and short term fifth Beatle Stuart Sutcliffe. John was always a disruptive pupil and continued to be through art school. Although John failed an annual exam and eventually dropped out of art school before his final year the impact it made would stay with him, encouraging him to push the boundaries and keep his music inspirational and contemporary. John always had a devoted interest in the art world, even deep into the Beatles experimental career. Their use of orchestral scores accompanied only by voice, three part harmonies and psychedelic arrangements would stand to become a major influence to Brit Pop bands. This entwined with the shifting context of the Beatles lyrics would shape the music of the late 60s and pr ove to be the very essence of what Brit Pop came to embody. The most noticeable example of this experimental and contemporary writing is found in the album Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band. Released in June 1967 Sgt Peppers Lonely Hearts Club Band was a groundbreaking album that combined revolutionary engineering and musical techniques. It is believed to be the first concept album and also the first album to print the lyrics to the songs on the sleeve. All the songs on the album except possibly George Harrisons experimental Within you without you either lyrically or musically express a sense of British culture. Sgt Peppers is steeped in images of brass bands playing in bandstands, Punch and Judy, cream teas, donkey rides and naughty postcards. In When Im Sixty four, Paul McCartney gives us a description of what life can be like growing old in Britain. He talks of going for a drive on a Sunday, doing some gardening and renting a cottage in the Isle of Wight, If its not too dear. Being for the Benefit of Mr. Kite arouses clear images of the great British past time of the circus and also creates a joyous atmosphere with the merry go round sound playing along with the main organ melody. This effect was created when producer George Martin told engineer Geoff Emerick to splice up old Victorian tapes of organ music and throw them into the air. He was then ordered to piece the tapes back together in a completely random order to create an energetic looping sound (Martin 2008). The images Lennon and McCartney present in a lot of their songs make it hard for the listener to fully understand the content. Their writing would often stumble into the surreal, and perplexing words would be used to compliment the music. Some of their music however, seems to be more clear in the way it comments and often ridicules observations of ordinary British cultural life. In the final track on the Sgt Pepper album, A Day in the Life, this trait seems to be evident. The lyrics were inspired by two newspaper articles and contain many haunting but also some quite comical images. Within the song Lennon mentions three distinct British places, The House of Commons, Blackburn in Lancashire and the Royal Albert Hall. In the first verse John talks loosely about the death of Tara Browne the Guinness heir who died in a car crash. Lennon said, I didnt copy the accident. Tara didnt blow his mind out, but it was in my mind when I was writing that verse. The Line Theyd seen his face before/N obody was really sure if he was from the House of Lords refers to the British public turning what should be a solemn moment into some cheap excitement. Some people in the crowd may know the individual involved in the car crash as a face on television or in a newspaper but he is no more than that. The second verse came from a newspaper article concerning the state of the roads in Blackburn which Lennon jokes could fill the Albert Hall. This type of ironic and sarcastic view of Britain was commonly found in John Lennons writing. Andy Bennett writes, Tracks like A Day in the Life, are clearly meant to be seen, in part at least, as satirical commentaries on aspects of British society. Lennons descriptions of the slavish counting of the holes in the streets of Blackburn, andto the double life led by politicianswould appear not merely to poke fun at British society but also to criticize it. On the other hand, the song Penny Lane doesnt appear to criticize British culture but instead runs like a commentary of what can be seen. Penny Lane was written by Paul McCartney and released alongside Strawberry Fields Forever as a double-A side single in 1967. It was common practice to release singles that were not on the album at the time. George Martin always believed it wasnt fair to the public that singles should come from the album. The title Penny Lane came from a street in the bands hometown of Liverpool. Lennon and McCartney would often meet at Penny Lane Junction to catch a bus into the centre of town and had met up with friends around the area as teenagers. Penny lane is a study of the humdrum lives of people, evoking feelings of blissful memories and describing the ordinary sights and sounds of a suburban British neighbourhood. Penny Lane is in my ears and in my eyes/There beneath the blue suburban skies. During this line a brass section plays a small musical fill couple d together with McCartneys quaint English tone to create an altogether exultant sound. This song, different from A Day in the Life, has a strong feeling today of harking back to a happier and simpler Britain now lost and forgotten. The man who has popped into the barbers for a shave, the fireman who carries a picture of the queen in his pocket and the standard procedure of carrying an hourglass now seem long-gone. Its a song that takes the listener on a ride and brings up various emotions ranging from nostalgia to a pride of Britain during the piccolo trumpet solo and to laughter at the sexual slang of the time A four of fish and finger pie. The qualities found in both these Beatles songs can also be found in songs from other British bands from the 1960s. The Small Faces song Rene tells the unpleasant tale of a woman parading the quayside every night to welcome sailors from Kuala Lumpur who have docked with plenty of readies (ready money) to spend at the pub having a good time. Whil e Lazy Sunday rebels against the neighbours that complain when Steve Marriott and his friends play their music loud. The Small faces songs Rene and Lazy Sunday are both sung in ridiculously thick Cockney accents and seem almost to make fun of their London ancestry. The same examination can be made in the music of The Kinks who gave us their keenly observed satires A Well Respected Man and Dedicated Follower of Fashion (which lampooned the characters of Carnaby Street in swinging London). The contrast of Britpop In the early 1990s Britpop emerged fusing new British ideals with the pop music of the 1960s. The two main aims of Britpop were to drown out the electronic sound of the eighties and to react against the grunge sound of Nirvana and Pearl Jam. Britpop made British alternative rock mainstream and formed the foundations for a larger British cultural movement called Cool Britannia. This phrase, a pun on the patriotic song Rule, Britannia, was first used as a song title by the Bonzo dog Doo Dah Band in 1967. It emerged in the 1990s as the name of one of the company Ben and Jerrys ice cream flavours. The name came about through a competition the company were running. An American lawyer living in London named Sarah Moynihan-Williams won with her suggestion and recipe for Cool Britannia, which was in relation to the New Labour era. The media quickly picked up on this term, and seeing a young Prime minister in power and the fashionable nature of London at the time gave the idea new scope. Looking now at the representations of Britishness in the music of Britpop bands from the 1990s presents a different argument. The Beatles and other bands from the same era such as The Kinks and The Small Faces heavily influenced Brit Pop. Musical pioneers of the nineties such as Blur, Pulp and Oasis completely dropped the synthesizers and the electric drums of the eighties and began creating music with full guitars and raw drumming. The orchestral and brass band instruments were introduced once again to achieve the complete British sound of the 1960s. An example of this resurrection can be established through the Blur song Sunday Sunday. The song featured on the apt 1993 album Modern Life is Rubbish, features a trumpet solo that could easily have been found on any later Beatles track. The lyrics in the first verse read much like a social commentary with lines such as You read the colour supplement, the T.V. guide and Together the family round the table. Both bring to mind visions of a quiet ordinary Sunday at home with the family. The second verse however mentions a walk in the park where the writer meets a soldier who fought in both world wars and says, The England he knew is no more. Quite unlike the interpretation of a British Sunday morning the second verse takes a nostalgic look back with a conceivable chance of the soldier appearing as a metaphor for a Britain that used to be. Britpop resonated with a sound of the past. Singers and back up singers were producing exciting harmonies like the ones found on the Oasis record Cast no shadow. Artists were being commended for their song writing abilities and musical talent unlike the dry and dreary song-writing period of the eighties, which featured Duran Duran, Gary Newman and Depeche mode. The mod subculture of the 60s also became popular again. People began growing their hair with the Beatles various styles in mind. Jarvis Cocker from the band Pulp used to wear suits which echoed the mod style. The Whos manag er Pete Meaden famously described modism saying, Modism, mod living, is an aphorism for clean living under difficult circumstances Not everyone believed that Britpop reminisced of a past idea of Britishness. Some suggested that bands crafted an entirely new image altogether, focusing on an attitude based not on a nostalgic Carry On Mr Kipling Britain, but a Britain that you will recognise as the one you live in (Jones 1994). Undoubtedly the song Girls and Boys which is performed in front of a club 18-30s holiday backdrop with its subject matter of casual sex is one which is more contemporary rather than the wistful longing for old England found in Sunday Sunday. Also, Oasiss accounts of throwing up on a Sunday and their wild views that cigarettes, alcohol and drugs are a remedy for a dull, ordinary life may have appealed to the young generation of the 1990s but it was miles apart from the Beatles idealized and glamorized version of Britain. It appears that this type of topical writing is in the minority and more songs relate to similar representations conjured up by the Beatles in the 1960s. There is another are a that is imperative to study when analysing depictions of Britain and that is the view created through the music video. The Beatles and the Birth of the Music Video One main important difference in the way in which music is presented in the 1990s is the availability of the music video, which further enhances depictions of Britishness. The Birth of the music video may to some be credited to the band Queen. In November 1975 due to tour commitments they could not appear on Top of The Pops and so produced a video to promote their new single Bohemian Rhapsody. But as much as a decade before, the Beatles were generating videos to be broadcast on television shows all over the world. In 1996, with the release of the Beatles Anthology film box set, George Harrison received an interview and in relation to the promotional video made for the song Rain he made the statement: So I suppose, in a way, we invented MTV Now that the music video is fast becoming an art form in itself it is interesting to analyze how Lennon and McCartneys influence on the British social commentary style of writing transposed into video format. I will begin by analysing the reflection of Britain the Beatles achieved through their use of video and the reasons for them depicting society in this way, then I will compare this to the music videos in the 1990s. The first Beatles film was released in 1964 entitled A Hard Days Night. With prospects of an accompanying soundtrack album, the film was released as a way to make more money from the bands growing success. As Bob Neaverson said: The project was initially envisaged by the American-owned company as little more than another low budget exploitation picture which would capitalize on the groups fleeting success with the teenage market No matter which way it is looked at, the decision to release a Beatles film came about because of a money making business deal. Although it turned out much more was achieved than simply money. Director Richard Lester broke rules that had been associated with the pop music format since the 1950s. To begin, one of the opening scenes is filmed in an unconventional train carriage, a setting with no musical connection. His use of free hand documentary filming not only added excitement and energy but also made the viewer feel as if he or she were in the film closely interacting with the band. This made the Beatles able to be shown as the guys next-door, seemingly unaffected by fame, instead of fictional characters. Whereas realism had already been established in British films through the working class genre known as kitchen sink drama with films like The Loneliness of the Long Distance Runner (1962) and A Taste of Honey (1961), A Hard Days Night was the first music video to incorporate thi s into its style and content. This working class image was an important factor that shone through the films of the Beatles. In a time when all well-known artists were predominantly imported, any British act doing significantly well was a joy. The bands natural working class attitudes coupled together with their down to earth, oblivious out look on fame only endeared them to the British public who Neaverson says, upheld them as symbols of the new social mobility and classlessness of sixties Britain. In this sense, this approach broke down barriers and was vital to the modernization of British national identity in the 1960s. Having looked at how the Beatles became symbols for a cultural shift I will now investigate how music videos in the 1990s adapted the skills that Richard Lester put into practice and decide if the substance of the video is similar to that of Lennon and McCartneys writing. One such video that involves strong British connotations is Park Life by Blur. It is a song that lyrically documents parts of British life with examples including being wakened by the dustmen, cups of tea and feeding the pigeons. Although these are very banal actions the visuals found in the video take on a different, more contemporary feel. In the video actor Phil Daniels plays a creepy door-to-door double-glazing salesman driving around in his Ford Granada Coupe Mk1. It seems at times that the video is not related to the song until the rapid images of British life the row of terraced houses, the red post boxes, the arrival of the ice cream van and the playful nature of the band meeting up with friends in 90s style attire spinning each other in a trolley crop up. In many ways the video resonates with a feeling not to dissimilar from Penny Lane, which I mentioned earlier. This parallel is continued through the use of characters in the video the man with the four King Charles dogs, the fat man in the shirt and braces, the jogger and the couple sprawled across their sports car with their names printed above the drivers and passengers window. These are visually very interesting characters and like McCartneys fireman; banker and nurse could easily be fantastic characters in a book of British cultural life. The Park Life music video is obviously based around actual everyday encounters experienced by Damon Albarn that have been tweaked to appear more surreal much the same format as the lyrics take on in the song. Using Pop Music to Promote Political Interests Popular music has long been associated with showing dissatisfaction or opposition with the government and the government has always shown an interest in securing for itself a stake in the management of powerful bands. Conversely, today in China, leader Hu Jintao has spoken out frequently about building a harmonious society. He has great power and influence over the media, mainly monitoring everything that is broadcast on the radio. The governments ideas to create harmony are through censorship of the media. All music heard on Chinese radio consists of love songs or upbeat ballads. These gentle songs are not damaging to Chinas image of a stable and harmonious country. Pop and Pop/Rock songs where politics, rebellion and casual sex are the themes are disregarded for fear of a revolution. The state cannot completely censor music they find harmful, although they do have complete ownership of all broadcasting media giving them a loophole through which they can have the majority rule. Chin ese people believe the popular music they hear on the radio all sounds the same and if youve heard one song you know them all. Even musicians asked to submit songs for the Olympic games in Beijing were too worried to write anything with fear of going against the state policies. In this example the state is controlling the music. They are keeping a lid on the pot of society to prevent the revolution inside over spilling. In addition something that is so carefully prohibited may incite curiosity within youths of any culture and a notion to rebel will ensue. An example of this use of music to revolt was apparent in Germany during world war two. If music can be said to be associated with nationalism and national identity then it can also be criticized for supposed destabilization of the nations culture. During world war two, young German music fans sought after the British and American way of life and defined themselves through the music of Swing. Although they were not an organised political opposition group, they refused the culture of National Socialism. The group made such an impact in 1941 that the Gestapo violently repressed them and police ordered anyone under the age of 21 to stay out of dance bars (Whiteley, Bennett and Hawkins 2005). Whether a connection is made as a shared goal for public popularity or a way to manipulate or even to revolt, music and politics have a bond. Throughout the 1960s and again in the 1990s political groups created a connection with pop stars of the time. In 1965, current Prime Minister Harold Wilson showed he was in touch with the younger generation by awarding the Beatles with the honour of an MBE. It proved a popular move with young people. This move did however spark some controversy. Protestors and picketers who had received the award for military service showed their displeasure towards Harold Wilson but there were too few of them to make any real impact. Attackers thought it a clever and crafty plan to solicit votes for the next years general election but defenders argued the fan base of the Beatles were generally under the age of 21, too young to vote at the time. In any case, bestowing an MBE on the Beatles showed that Harold Wilson was a modern leader willing to embrace new ideas and be part of a contemporary Britain that culturally, the Beatles were helping to shape. A year later George Harrison would write the song Taxman as a retort to the 95% super taxes introduced by Harold Wilson and even included a harmony within the song incorporating his name. John Blacking argues that, Cultural politics, the use of culture and the arts to promote political interests, invariably exploits and contains the power of music to restrict political argument. It diverts attention from the real political issues or simply asserts the hegemony of its promoters (Blacking) On the other hand, not all people would agree with John Blackings statement. Some believe that in the right hands music can open up avenues and make people pay attention to various issues. Khaver Siddiqi would argue that, In an era where politics uses as many avenues it can to reach the people, it is ultimately the words of song and rhyme that will attract the attention more, than speeches ever will. (Siddiqi 2009) This thought can be put into practice if we look at the issues of race in the 1960s. In 1968 James Brown wrote a song called Say it Loud (Im Black and Im Proud) that become a very successful black power anthem. It was a racially chaotic period during the 1960s and this song filled black Americans with pride. This elevated Brown to the status of icon and also made him the face for a movement that shaped the 1960s. In 1997, after a period of predominantly conservative power in Britain, a new Prime Minister was elected, Tony Bl

The Triggering Factors Influencing Individual Entrepreneurs Commerce Essay

The Triggering Factors Influencing Individual Entrepreneurs Commerce Essay Research in entrepreneurship has introduced many aspects of how and why people make decisions in new venture creation (Shane, 2002). Entrepreneurs are often motivated by economic and/or psychological factors. Scholars have agreed that the entrepreneurial process and theories involve a complex set of variables that are beyond any single aspect. To identify motives and incentives of entrepreneurial activities involves disseminating several layers of relationships between personal factors, external forces and other random events (Liang and Dunn, 2007). From the existing literature we can rationally hypothesize that, the decision to launch a new venture probably includes individual endogenous factors and exogenous factors of the environment. Limited studies have discussed the possibility that individuals who are planning to become entrepreneur might have different triggers to launch new ventures compared to in-business (who are expanding the business) professionals. Triggers as defined by Liang and Dunn (2007) forces in the individuals or in the individuals perception of their situation that move them toward the entrepreneurial process. It is important to distinguish triggering factors and triggering events from triggers. Triggering events are more like something happened as an occasion or an episode that influence individuals assessment on the situation. Triggering factors could be interpreted as issues or features that influence individuals perspectives about certain situations (Liang and Dunn, 2007). Problem Statement Every day new ventures takes place and new business are created. The reasons behind new business entities come into existent are not explained in the literature with respect to Pakistan. Especially which factors triggers individual to become entrepreneur and which factors triggers individual who are already running the business to go further develop the business. Significance of the Study This study measures the triggers, which influences the professionals (who are planning to become and those who wants to expand their business) to become entrepreneurs. In addition to this we will also measure the relationship between the triggers and demographics of individuals. This study is of major interest to various government organizations like small and medium enterprises (SMEDA), non government organizations (NGO), policy makers of government and business to business organization (B2B). Implications of this research study will help them to identify the pattern of individuals, who wants to become entrepreneurs and which triggers them to think about starting new venture. Literature Review The purpose of the literature review is to outline the triggers identified by various researchers/authors and to analyze the dimensions in which different authors works on the entrepreneurs triggers. At a basic level, entrepreneurship is recognized as a highly personalized activity. The entrepreneur is motivated to create a venture, which reflects their vision and ambitions, and is prepared to review and reorganize their social environment to make it materialize (Morrison, 2000). Characteristics of entrepreneurs identified by various authors (Longenecker, Moore, Petty,2000; Scarborough Zimmerer, 2000; Bhide, 2000) are high achievement drive, action oriented, optimism, opportunistic, internal locus of control, tolerance for ambiguity, moderate risk taking, commitment/tenacity, commitment, initiative, independence or some form of one or more of these. These authors also determines motivation related to new venture formation, to enjoy what individuals are doing, revolves around the opportunity to gain control over personal lives/independence, to achieve personal goals and recognition, to get profits/financial rewards, and to make a difference/contribute to society. The key of the entrepreneurship process initiations depends within the individual of the society and the extent to which individuals wants to enter in new ventures and holds the spirit of enterprise (Morrison, 2000). McClelland, (1961) identified common characteristics and behaviors, Those which emerged relative to all the entrepreneurs are: they bring intelligence and sound analytical skills to bear on risk management; they are all in some respect deviants from the social norms within their countries; to differing degrees they exhibit strong moral, work and business ethics; irrespective of industry sector a strong traders instinct is apparent; they are committed to life-long learning through both formal and informal mechanisms; and extensive use is made of both informal and formal networks. Morrison et al., (1998) proposed that the entrepreneurship is initiated by the personal, society and culture intuition. Entrepreneurship is not only initiated by the economic aspects but it involves material, immaterial and idealism functions. The fundamental nature of the entrepreneurship is the use of innovatory process and the risk bearing by the individual, through which individual wants to bring change in both a social and economic nature of his own and the society. Kirzner (1979) believes that the source of entrepreneurship within the human spirit flourish when there is uncertainty and competition. This enterprising spirit in terms of inspirational means is described by Gilder (1971, p 258). The spirit of enterprise wells up from the wisdom of ages and the history (of the west) and infuses the most modern of technological adventures. It joins the old and new frontiers. It asserts a firm hierarchy of values and demands ad hard discipline. It requires a life of labor and listening, aspiration and courage. But it is the source of all we are and can become, the saving grace of democratic politics and free men, the hope of the poor and the obligation of the fortunate, the redemption of an oppressed and desperate world. Longenecker, Moore, Pettit, Palich (2006) suggested that entrepreneurs wanted to make money, become their own boss, escape a bad situation, enjoy and satisfying life, and contribute to the community. Bygrave (1989) discussed entrepreneurship as a process that involved triggering event, innovation, implementation, and growth. In the triggering event stage he suggested that there were sociological, personal, and environmental factors that led to entrepreneurship. Again, both internal and external forces seemed to be at play. Culture is an important variable in entrepreneurship because it establishes the attitudes of individuals towards the commencement of entrepreneurship (Vernon-Wortzel and Wortzel, 1997). Every era produces its own models of entrepreneurship according to its specific needs of the host society; however, it has been described consistently using terms such as innovative, holistic, risk-taking and co-coordinating ways of behavior. Certain cultural institutions may facilitate, or hinder, entry into entrepreneurship. Thus, it is proposed that the culture of societies and the characteristics of people living in these societies, impacted by certain innate personality traits, will influence the degree to which entrepreneurship is initiated (Morrison, 2000). The above provided argument by the Morrison, (2000) is supported by the  Bateman (1997), those economies and regions which have flourished in the late 20th century, have in common a business culture, which can be broadly described as entrepreneurial. It is attuned to the needs of a changing market economy and receptive to changing demands, innovations, products, opportunities and technologies. Entrepreneurship has been found to be important and meaningful in society at points of transition, for example, traditional to modern, modern to post-modern and state-controlled economies to free-market. At each of these points, entrepreneurship is harnessed by societies as a common approach to solving dilemmas, to break old, stable and hierarchical traditions and institutions and to introduce new, innovative ways of behavior. Thus, it is suggested that entrepreneurship can be regarded as an instrument for changing the culture of an era (Morrison, 2000) According to Timmons (1994, p. 9) about entrepreneurial behavior is, what is needed is a favorable environment which combines social, political and educational attributes. In particular it requires: A culture that prizes entrepreneurship, an imperative to educate our population so that our entrepreneurial potential is second to none; and a government that generously supports pure and applied science, fosters entrepreneurship with enlightened policies, and enables schools to produce the best educated students in the world. Dollinger (1995) discussed what he characterized as the impetus for entrepreneurship. He discussed the Sociological Approach which focused on four factors that led entrepreneurs toward new venture creation. Negative displacement was where individuals were marginalized from society, because of who they were or their situation including being fired or not satisfied with their current employment or divorced. Between things included individuals between stages of their life. Positive pull included other people (potential collaborators, parents, customers) who provided an impetus to entrepreneurship. Positive push included entrepreneurs who, because of their education or situation, were pushed toward entrepreneurship. Individual factors or a combination of any of these factors could move the entrepreneur toward new venture creation. The manner, in which the young are conditioned from an early age through the formal education system, and the fact that dominant approaches are frequently reinforced within family life, plays a significant role in the initiation of characteristics generally associated with entrepreneurial behavior (Gibb, 1996). It has been identified that a characteristic of entrepreneurship is that it tends to pervade family life, with the entrepreneur being unable to divorce business from social living (Deakin, 1996). In this respect, family background plays a role in two ways. First, if an entrepreneur has previous experience of the effect of entrepreneurship from a family member they are more prepared for the consequences of their own activities. Second, family support of entrepreneurship can make a positive contribution to its sustenance. For all the entrepreneurs represented in the study, positive immediate family support for their entrepreneurial behavior had played an important part in its sustenance. What was also identified as of significance was the role of the extended family in enabling access to funds and markets to support individual entrepreneurs in the creation and development of their businesses Within some societies there is a practice of saving for the future, while within others the focus is on living and spending to enjoy the moment. This has an implication for the amount of personal funds that may be available for investment in business. The dominant cultural attitudes, values and beliefs of a population at one particular point of time will result in a particular common mind-set relative to the degree to which entrepreneurship is supported by society (Gilder, 1971). The entrepreneur in terms of who he/she is and what he/she does, which has often resulted in characterizing persons who might be more likely to become entrepreneurs than others (Rerup, 2005). To date, scholars suggest three broad types of entrepreneurs, namely (a) Nascent, (b) Novice, and (c) Habitual entrepreneurs (see e.g. Birley and Westhead, 1993; Kolvereid and Bullvà ¥g 1993; Wright 1997; Westhead and Wright, 1998). The (a) nascent entrepreneur has not yet engaged in an entrepreneurial venture but has a general aspiration of establishing a business. The (b) novice entrepreneur has established one venture but does not have any prior entrepreneurial experience (Westhead et al. 1998). Lastly, the (c) habitual entrepreneur has established at least one other business prior to the current venture, hence possesses prior entrepreneurial experience. At some point, all entrepreneurs are nascent and then novice. Hall (1995) who divides habitual entrepreneurs into four sub-types; namely serial entrepreneurs, portfolio entrepreneurs, serial inheritors or serial management buy-outs (MBOs) /management buy-ins (MBIs), and multiple corporate entrepreneurs. Serial and portfolio entrepreneurs have repeatedly engaged in the creation of new ventures Serial entrepreneurs exit (close or sell) their current business before establishing a subsequent venture, whereas portfolio entrepreneurs keep ownership in more than one business at a time; hence have ownership stakes in a portfolio of businesses. In contrast, serial corporate entrepreneurs (or intrapreneurs) are persons who create new combinations of resources or realize new business opportunities in existing companies. Both, inheritors or serial MBO/MBI entrepreneurs are not traditionally regarded as trueentrepreneurs because MBOs and MBIs do not create new businesses per se (Deakins and Freel, 2003). Objectives of the Study The main purpose of this study is to investigate theoretically and test empirically which triggering factors influence individuals to become entrepreneur or expand their existing business. Research Questions: To measure the research objectives following research questions have been developed: Does education of the person influence as triggering factor to become entrepreneur? Does experience of the person influence as trigger to become entrepreneur? Does idea generation quality of the person influence as triggering factor to become entrepreneur? Does financial strength triggers a person to become an entrepreneur? Does Inheritance of a person influence as triggering factor to become an entrepreneur? Research Hypotheses To answer the research questions formulated, we developed the research hypotheses, which are as follows: HA1: Education has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. HA2: Experience has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. HA3: Idea generation has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. HA4: Financial Strength has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. HA5: Inheritance has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. To answer the first research question alternate hypothesis HA1 has been developed. To answer the second research question HA2 has been developed. Similarly research question no. third, fourth and fifth is answered by hypothesis HA3, HA4 and HA5 respectively. Conceptual Frame Work The conceptual frame work of this study is taken from the study of Liang and Dunn (2007). Dependent Variable Independent Variable Education Inheritance Education Trigger to Become Entrepreneur Financial Strength Inheritance Education Experience ( Idea Generation Inheritance Education Research Methodology Research Instrument A close ended structured questionnaire was developed to collect the data. The questionnaire consists of two parts. In the first part personal characteristics of the respondents and in the second part triggers are provided. All the variables of the questionnaire are taken from the study of Liang and Dunn (2007). First part of the questionnaire consists of the following variables gender, education level, age, marital status, type of business and years of experience of respondents. In the second part 42 entrepreneur triggers were mentioned and respondents were asked to indicate the importance of each trigger. Where 1 is taken as least important and 5 is taken as most important. Triggers were not presented in the groups so that an unbiased ranking can be obtained. Data Collection Data was collected from the entrepreneurs who are running their business of construction; wholesaler or they are involved in some kind of manufacturing activities. Data was collected from the entrepreneurs from the cities of Islamabad and Rawalpindi. All the responses were filled under the administration of the authors of the study. Sample Size The total sample size was 70 entrepreneurs from Islamabad and Rawalpindi. While collecting the data emphases were given on equal representation of both the cities. The characteristics of the respondents The characteristics of the respondents are as follows: Age of the respondents is shown in the figure no.1 below. We found that most of the respondents belong to age group of 50-60 years. Figure 1 Number of people employed in the respondents organization can be seen in the figure 2. Figure 2 The type of business in which respondents are can be seen in the figure 3. We found that most of the entrepreneurs belong to wholesale / distributing business. Figure 3 Working experience of the respondents can be seen in the figure 4. Figure 4 Results Discussion Data Analysis Techniques The data was analyzed using the softwares SPSS version 15 and Microsoft Excel 2007. Data was analyzed using the following tests. Cronbachs alpha for internal consistency. Correlation to check the relationships between the independent variable and dependent variable. Regression analysis to measure the effect of one independent variable on dependent variable. Cronbachs Alpha To check the internal reliability of the variables, Cronbachs Alpha was run. Correlation Analysis Correlation is a statistical tool which can determine the strength and direction of relationship between two variables. The value of correlation ranges from +1 to -1 and both these values show strong positive and negative relationships. While the value 0 show no relationship. Pearson correlation was run to check the relationship between the independent variables and the dependent variables. Complete results of the correlation analysis are shown in the table 5. Table No. 5 below suggests that all the variables are positively correlated to dependent variable Entrepreneurship. Figure 5 Correlations Education Experience Entrepreneurship Inheritance Idea Generation Financial Strength Education Pearson Correlation 1 .769(**) .717(**) .747(**) .576(**) .553(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 70 70 Experience Pearson Correlation .769(**) 1 .741(**) .780(**) .612(**) .583(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 70 70 Entrepreneurship Pearson Correlation .717(**) .741(**) 1 .680(**) .656(**) .479(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 70 70 Inheritance Pearson Correlation .747(**) .780(**) .680(**) 1 .611(**) .518(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 70 70 Idea Generation Pearson Correlation .576(**) .612(**) .656(**) .611(**) 1 .508(**) Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 70 70 Financial Strength Pearson Correlation .553(**) .583(**) .479(**) .518(**) .508(**) 1 Sig. (2-tailed) .000 .000 .000 .000 .000 N 70 70 70 70 70 70 ** Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed) The most correlated variable was experience which has Pearson correlation value of .769 and significance value of 0.000. It was followed by Inheritance with Pearson correlation value of .747 and significance value of 0.000. Idea Generation and Financial Strength comes third and fourth with Pearson value .576 sig. value of 0.000 and Pearson value of 0.553 and sig. value of 0.000 respectively. The relationship between all variables is significant at ÃŽÂ ± 0.01. All relationship shows a positive and moderate to strong relationships. Multiple Regression Analysis In order test the developed hypotheses and since we have more than one independent variable, so multiple regression analysis was run to check the relationship between variables. Variables Entered/Removed (b) Model Variables Entered Variables Removed Method 1 Inheritance, Financial Strength, Idea Generation, Education, Experience(a) . Enter a All requested variables entered. b Dependent Variable: Entrepreneurship Model Summary Model R R Square Adjusted R Square Std. Error of the Estimate 1 .806(a) .650 .622 .41431 a Predictors: (Constant), Inheritance, Financial Strength, Idea Generation, Education, Experience ANOVA(b) Model Sum of Squares df Mean Square F Sig. 1 Regression 20.386 5 4.077 23.753 .000(a) Residual 10.986 64 .172 Total 31.371 69 a Predictors: (Constant), Inheritance, Financial Strength, Idea Generation, Education, Experience b Dependent Variable: Entrepreneurship Coefficients(a) Model Un-standardized Coefficients Standardized Coefficients t B Std. Error Beta B 1 (Constant) .404 .350 1.155 Education .268 .123 .276 2.175 Experience .296 .123 .331 2.402 Idea Generation .275 .101 .272 2.725 Financial Strength -.043 .098 -.042 -.437 Inheritance .060 .109 .071 .548 a Dependent Variable: Entrepreneurship Hypotheses Testing Hypothesis One: The hypothesis postulates that education has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Hypothesis developed is: HA1: Education has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur The results of multiple regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA1 is as follows: We reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, value of t is 2.175 which is more than +2 thus making it a useful predictor and sig. value is 0.033 which is less than 0.05 (0.033 Hypothesis Two: This hypothesis postulates that the experience has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. So, the hypothesis is developed as: HA2: Experience has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur The results of regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA2 is as follows We reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, value of t is 2.402 which is more than +2 thus making it a useful predictor and sig. value is 0.019 which is less than 0.05 (0.019 Hypothesis Three: This hypothesis describes that the idea generation has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Hypothesis developed in this regard is: HA3: Idea generation has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. The results of regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA3 is as follows We reject the null hypothesis and accept the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, value of t is 2.725 which is more than +2 making it a useful predictor and sig. value of 0.008 which is less than 0.05 (0.008 Hypothesis Four Through this hypothesis, we are intended to check whether Financial strength has relationship with triggers to become a entrepreneurship. Hypothesis developed is: HA4: Financial Strength has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. The results of regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA4 is as follows We accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, value of t is -0.437 which is less than 2, making it not a useful predictor and sig. value of 0.663 which is greater than 0.05 (0.663>0.05). Beta coefficient is -ve, which also confirms our result. So, we reject alternative hypothesis and conclude that there is no relationship between Financial Strength and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Hypothesis Five This hypothesis describes that Inheritance has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. HA5: Inheritance has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. The results of regression analysis to check the alternate hypothesis HA5 is as follows In the light of data analysis, we accept the null hypothesis and reject the alternative hypothesis as in the coefficients table of the regression analysis, sig. value is 0.585 which is greater than 0.05 (0.585>0.05). So, we reject alternative hypothesis and conclude that there is no relationship between inheritance and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Overall our model is significant with F value of 23.753 and sig. value of 0.000. Adjusted R square is 0.622 which means 62.2% of the variance in the dependent variable is explained by the predictor variables. Summary and Conclusion Demographically, the pre business entrepreneurs are different from in business entrepreneurs. In business entrepreneurs were significantly more male, older, married, more experienced, had more education and were more likely going into wholesale or distribution businesses. The results of this study seem to show that there are significant differences in triggers between pre business and in business entrepreneurs. We found that majority of our entrepreneur respondents belong to age group of 50-60 it means they are older. Numbers of peoples employed however are younger and majority belongs to age group of 21-30. We also found that a lot of entrepreneurships are in wholesale / distribution business as compared to any other trade. It also means either these two trades have more profit margin or more business opportunities exists in these trades which attracts majority of entrepreneurships in these trades. Experience also plays a key role for business success. We found that majority of respondents have experience between 13-16 years of working as entrepreneur in their respective trades. We found that education has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. We accepted our alternative hypothesis HA1 as analysis showed the value of t is 2.175 which is more than +2, and sig. value of 0.033 which is less than 0.05. So, we accept alternative hypothesis and conclude that education has a positive relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Our data analysis showed that experience also play a key role as influencing trigger to become entrepreneur. Our data analysis showed the value of t as 2.402 and sig. value of 0.019 which is significant. So, we accept alternative hypothesis HA2 and conclude that experience has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Idea generation also affects a person to become entrepreneur. Data analysis for alternative hypothesis HA3 showed there is that idea generation has a relationship with triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur as value of t is 2.725 and sig. value of 0.008 which is less than 0.05 (0.008 HA4 showed there is no relationship between Financial Strength and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Literature also confirms the same. It means that to become an entrepreneur, financial strength and money matters a lot. Our data analysis showed the value of t as -0.437and p-value of 0.663 which is greater than 0.05 (0.663>0.05). Beta coefficient is -ve, which also confirms our result. So, on the basis of analysis we can conclude that there is no relationship between Financial Strength and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Our data analysis rejects hypothesis HA5 regarding relationship between inheritance and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur having p-value of 0.585 which is greater than 0.05 (0.585>0.05). So, we conclude that there is no relationship between inheritance and triggers that influences person to become entrepreneur. Among the personal triggers, pre business entrepreneurs were more likely to feel that they were not accomplishing what they could or realizing their potential, and were changing for more satisfying careers. Idea / Opportunity triggers are also important as influencing factors to become entrepreneur. Entrepreneurs were more likely to rank idea grew out of job, saw idea, pursued it, hobby grew into a business, and bought business higher than other entrepreneurs e.g. saw a customer need, or an opportunity, were among the most important triggers chosen entrepreneurs. Financial strength or financial