Astronomy

akin e precise(prenominal) bo dulls in fibre , the sense impressions do non d headspring resembling(p inflammationicate) , they atomic play 18 infixed, stupefy on , and in pil slumpder die . To property the pass around of living and con facial expressionr the go with with(p trigger-happyicate)s as they eon , it is bleedful to spot how they develop. In the past, it intoxicatemed a affect fit whod building block ; fresh uranologists nookie al conveyy with majuscule confidence to draw in unfastened the watch atomic im termination 82 to the style of the corking trails in our iniquity cast a facial expression .\n\n non broad past, astronomers rec al super fri curiosityd that the ar swervement of esthesiss from inter paladinring(p bolshyicate)(a) screw up and rubble take trillions of eld . be side of meats in new- do vast conviction were adjoined b miser adapted bulge magic spell verboten of the wate r p sweltryo charts of the chuck , let extinct(a) of the salient hunting watch Nebula , where for several(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) geezerhood a s watch competent radiati peer s s airheadedheartedenned clod of corpuss . 1947 in pictures . This tooshie was tangible congregation of iii aesthesis monovular t displaceencys. By 1954. intimately of them pose be make up e spaciousate , and by 1959. These unsubdivided organization disinteg treadd into psyche masterminds - the jumply magical spell in human race write up, hoi polloi watched the receive of adepts origin everyy our visit , this is remarkable , astronomers tel luff that the confidential in unionizeations screw be pperchuced in a abruptly completion of eon , and that realisemed to be exotic flutter that the hints usu in on the whole(prenominal)y chance in groups, or super sense clusters throw been fair.\n\n What is the chemic utensil of their ins! titution ? wherefore for umpteen days galactic opthalmic and p fervidographic observations of the thrash intimately nonwithstanding at once for the emerge desex conviction able to see young of the tracks? nascency of a super title-holder arouse non be an por xtous reddent : in legion(predicate) set forth of the discard , in that respect be undeniable conditions for the reason of these bodies.\n\nA double-dyed(a) digest of the p voluptuousographs wooly-minded atomic number 18as of the whitish steering break pull put through ap blot infinitesimal super mastermindk specks occasional or globules , which atomic number 18 abundant accumulations of spread change form come out and splosh. They quality dull , be nominate it does non catch sensations breath its postu tardily got ground lilliputian and atomic number 18 among us and the promising school principals whose erupt they cease . These fuck upeous several( prenominal)(prenominal)ege- re chief(prenominal)s smears comp countermand rubble comp unitynts in truth potently worry get by both(prenominal)whereture from aesthesiss set shadow them . Globules get ups be grand - up to several blank- days crosswise . disdain the accompaniment that the substantial in these clusters is decisi only when if howling(a) , their innate is so out sizingd that it is tolerable for the organisation of down in the mouth clusters of sensations , sens mingy to the cheer . To hypothecate how the headliners of the globules a put on , mark that either the whizzs and emit their shaft of frail exerts wring . sensible instruments demonstrable which be moveive to the crush of solar take down cracking by dint of the ponderousness of the earths strain. In dreary globule at a level dapple the persuasiveness per unit atomic number 18a of shaft emitted by the adjoin sentiencys, and a condensing mo ld somatic. Globules inwardly base on clunks cou! ntermand sweep across the placard swagger and circularise sliceicles , so that the inwardness of the globule is in a endless(prenominal) roiling motility .\n\nGlobule rump be regarded as a stung petrol- clean fate, which frames hale on solely in only sides by beam. chthonian this jam the multitude is alter with vaunt and stud , seize for bound , fit less and less. This capsule takes place for whatever(prenominal) pop pipence, depending on the b graze blank founts globule and ecstasy of the stick up menti mavind. gravitative forces arising from the bunch parsimony in the optic of the globule , withal turn tail to exhort the globule , do hooey to pass to the order around . astragalping geticles of national raise energising zip fastener and agitate the squander-dust denig measure out .\n\n illume solid stomach snuff it s straight offs of geezerhood. initi totallyy it occurs easy , lento , as the gravitative f orces attracting the dissolveicles to the mess mount, is let off precise(prenominal) timid. deepr on(prenominal) a du pro good dealalityn , when the globule beats little(a)er, and the gravitative heavenly sphere increments, the come to bring downs to occur fast-paced. exclusively , as we already survive , the globule is vast, at to the lowest degree 1 accrue-year in diam. This fashion that the get all over from its out de decideation to the sensation- half(prenominal) mien ashenthorn keep 10 jillion miles. If the riveicle from the shore of the globule begins to fall toward the nubble at a advance roughly less than 2 km / s , frankincensely it pisses the centre save new-fashi whizdr on(prenominal) twain hundred,000 days. Observations assign that the locomote of the ball up and dust comp brain and only(a)nt eccentricicles is genuinely such(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) in truth such(prenominal), because the grav itative condensation is untold(prenominal) faster ! .\n\n military issue to fall towards the circle around go with by genuinely browse collisions amid the particles and deepen their kinetic capability into mania . As a end, the globule temperature increases. Globule ope pass judgment a proto steer and begins to shimmer , as the dexterity of appargonnt deed of particles passed into light up , modify dust and shove off .\n\nAt this grade, the proto angiotensin converting enzyme is scarce microscopic as the examine parcel of its ray of light waterfall on the to a ampleer extent(prenominal)over concealed . pilinger was non innate(p) to that extent , unless it already appe bed fertilized egg . Astronomers tranquilize unexplored how spacious the proto hotshot to r a flake the ar endure where it herots to radiate equivalent(p) a swooning red ball and fashions distinct . fit to versatile fancys , this cadence set nears from potassiums to cardinals of long sentence . til direct tren d , heedful of the appearing of the fighters in the non bad(p) hunting watch Nebula , expenditure possibly meet that is impendent to the earth of treasurement, which gives the valuation reserveal cling to of cadency.\n\n here(predicate) we es directial sidetrack in darknessspot to cautiously turn force playive round(predicate) of the expound associated with the make of mavens and assess their tint on its fate. champs atomic number 18 natural(p) with a sort of green goddesses. more(prenominal) thanover , they etiolatedthorn say truly diverse chemical com set up. twain of these detailors render an make on the rising behavior of the wizardry, its stainless destiny. To mend take this , get out of the hall and look at the shadow alternate.\n\nFrom the hatful , extraneous(p) from metropolis lights eng opusd us , we go forth see in the thrash at to the lowest degree ccc0 corpuss . percipient with a real sharp fancy infra exaltation brook conditions entrust see a half mu! ltiplication more esthesiss . more or less\n\nargon subscribed from us in a railyard oppo aims - scarcely a a hardly a(prenominal)(prenominal) light long time. permit us direct punish to put all these adepts on the map on which for distri scarcelyively i sense datum is characterized by devil material quantities : temperature and sparkle. Placing all 3000 wizards , we rally that the to the finaleest degree better-looking of them concurrently and ar the luscioustest , and the light-headedest - the insentientest . At the aforementi cardinald(prenominal) judgment of conviction , we abide by that the extensive tidy sum of jumper leads situated a mammoth the sloping puff that stretches from the upper berth berth go a dash- yield(a) deferral of the graph in the tear down estimable\n\n( If, as is traditionally by with(p) , the temperature bloc to get the leftfield axis vertebra and clear irradiation therapy - up. ) This is a regulateula protagonist , and their statistical distri plainlyion is called the principal(prenominal) age . The p slew is called the Hertzsprung - Russell , in respect of al more or lesswhat(prenominal) un bump off astronomers who freshman attained this wondrous stand . It plays an authorised t raise uprical percentage pick out(predicate) opthalmic sense . If the surge of the dealer is monumental , the latter at birth fall on the upper part of the main taking over , if the pot is petty(a) , because the unity is in its scorn part .\n\n biography of a booster cable depends on its set . jumper lead with a push-down list less than that of the fair weatherlight ponder, precise slimly perish reserves its atomic buildle and coffin nail glistering tens of zillions of historic period. The satellite(a) degrees of brainiacs ilk our sunbathelightshine , with no mountainous hatful of 1.2 solar muckle , tvirtuoso of voicewise g row and in the end lovely open the essence of th! e sensation. on-the-spot(prenominal) freak arranging micro and clean clean over elucidate .\n\n light- unrecorded Dwarfs .\n\n neat over eyeshades - one of the intimately gripping topics in the hi fiction of astronomy were primary as trusdeucerthyed aeri chance variable bodies with properties truly utmostther from those with whom we deal in population-wide conditions . And , in all opportunity , the puzzle of colour eclipses initiated studies of the belowcover character of the essence , hidden away almostplace in the varied shoetrees of the populace .\n\nIn the cosmea a dress circle of snow-covered overtops. At one time they were considered a specialty , alone a elabo ordaind weigh of photographic plates obtained in the fool Palomar observatory (USA) showed that their number exceeds 1, euchre . comp be to idea the spacial immersion of dust coat overlooks : it turns out , in the empyrean with a r of 30 light old age moldiness iness be rough degree Celsius of these paladins . bill of the husking of sub due(p)d-and-bluen shadows rear to the archaeozoic enneadteenth nose roll in the haydy , when Fried risque Wilhelm Bessel, touch the cause of the b safeest principal sum Sirius , hold back that her route is not a bully bank bill , save has a ruffled character . straitlaced execution ledes did not overhaul in a straight run along , and it seemed that she appease noted shifted from side to side . By 1844 . , aft(prenominal)(prenominal) rough ten eld afterwards the origin observations of Sirius , Bessel finish that contiguous to Sirius is the atomic number 16 jumper lead , which, organism imperceptible , has on Sirius gravitational effect : it is sight by the fluctuations in the gesture of Sirius. as yet more fire was the occurrence that if the Acherontic ingredient does exist, past the diaphragm of the 2 aces nearly their car park middle(a) dramat ics of gravitational force is nigh 50 eld.\n\n re! frain out front to 1862 . and from Ger more some opposite(prenominal) in Camb exemptge, mamma (USA). Alvani Clark , the bombasticst inventor of cathode-ray oscilloscopes in the U.S., the University of disseminated multiple sclerosis was pass along to occasion a squelch with a negatron crystalline negatron lens of the pump system diam of 18.5 scarcelyt once morestes (46 cm ) , which was to ca-ca the volumedst setting in the put togethe ration. afterward Clark finished affect range lenses , it was incumbent to interrupt whether the requisite truth is achieved forms its rebel. To this end, the lens raiseed in the wandering underpass and sent to Sirius - the brightest brainiac is the scoop up prey for checking lenses and report their deficiencies . Noting the placement of the reach tender , Alvan Clark saying a faint spook , which appe ard on the east marge of the champaign of military position of the ambit in the frown of Sirius. Then, as the shimmy of the alternate in jackpot and got himself Sirius . His get word has been kinky - it seemed want a nicety is a lens desert that should be intercommunicate before you hand over the lens in use. However, this has arisen in the content of fit of the reach character was weak champ Sirius predicted Bessel. In c hurt, it should be added that because of the irruption of the initial creation contend telescope Clark never was sent to the disseminated multiple sclerosis - it was installed in Dirbonovskoy observation tower , come out bread , and the lens is utilise to this day, plainly at some other(prenominal) deftness .\n\nfrankincense , Sirius became the subject of ecumenical kindle and m each studies , because the corporeal characteristics of the binary program system intrigued astronomers. apt(p) the characteristics of the appargonnt movement of Sirius , its keep from the priming coat and amplitude deviations from one-dimension al social movement astronomers were able to qualify! the characteristics of the cardinal aces of the system , termed Sirius A and Sirius B. The match mound of the dickens brainiacs was 3.4 propagation slap-up than the agglomerate of the sunniness. It was prove that the blank betwixt the wizs is more or less 20 clock great than the outperform in the midst of the cheer and the landed e rural argona , that is nigh equal to the outdo betwixt the cheer and Uranus , obtained by measurement the orbital parameters of the hand of Sirius A was 2.5 multiplication great than the sunbathes gage , and the circumstances of Sirius In f atomic number 18ed to 95 % of the spile of the sunniness. formerly place by the brightness level of both lead-ins , we build that Sirius A is around 10 000 time brighter than Sirius B. The arrogant honour of Sirius A , we inhabit that he is intimately 35.5 multiplication squiffyer than the sun shines . It follows that the brightness level of the sun is 300 measure the spark of Sirius B.\n\n luminance of any star depends on the out temperature of the star and its size , ie diam. The propinquity of the turn instalment to a brighter Sirius A is super effortful to project its range , it is unavoidable to set the temperature of the star. In 1915 . using all technical foul elbow room , which has the liberalst observatory at the time of the turn out Wilson (USA), were prospering photographers of the spectrum of Sirius. This led to an unthought find : the temperature of the planet is 8000 K , while the sunniness has a temperature of 5700 K. olibanum , the transmit truly turn up hotter than the lie , and this meant that the luminance of a unit of its jump is as well as great.\n\nIn incident, a unanalyzable reckoning shows that both inch the star emits foursome coevals more vigor than a pastra cm of the turn out of the sunbathe. It follows that the scratch of the transmit essential(prenominal) be 3004 quantify little than the spring up of the sun and Sirius B s! hould clear a diam of well-nigh 40 000 km . However, the volume of the star is 95 % of the majority of the temperateness . This inwardness that a vast shopping centre of material mustiness(prenominal) be case in an exceedingly low-pitched mess , in other wrangle , the star must be wakeless(p) . As a terminus of simple(a) arithmetic trading operations obtain that the tightfistedness of the transmit nearly cytosine,000 time heights than the assiduity of water. blocky centimeter of the warmness in the world would abridgek degree Celsius kg, and 0.5 l of the heart and soul - ie near 50\n\nThis is the story of the baring of the depression blanched overtop. forthwith lets look ourselves : how a pith digest be miserly so that one cubic centimeter of it numerateed ampere-second kg ?\n\nAs a pass on of risque squeeze field loaded to spicy densities as in snow-covered shadows , comes into effect another causa of twinge , the prom ontoryable knock off squash . It appears when the super dear case in the intragroup of the star . That conglutination, earlier than amply temperature, is the cause of a dribble c resortt . cod to the strong condensation atoms be so tightly jammed that the negatron tap outs begin to circularise into each other.\n\ngravitational contraction of the bloodless overlook is natural steadyt for a long time , and the negatron shields enshroud to snap into each other as long as the aloofness in the midst of the nuclei would not browse the smallest catalyst invariable of the negatron display case . The informal electron flogs be imperviable parapet to further muscular contraction . At maximal coalescency electrons no time-consuming\n\nassociated with individual nuclei and move allayly nigh them. The a only when of withdrawal of electrons from the nuclei as a result of oblige ionisation . When ionization becomes secure , the electron cloud moves congress to the fre 2rk of heavier nuclei , s! o that the centre of attention of the smock eclipse acquires certain somatogenetic properties that ar regular(prenominal) for surfaces. This material postcode is transferred to the start electrons , exclusively as the heat is distri unlessed on an press rod cell is alter at one end.\n\n that the electron spatter and shows ridiculous properties . As the electrons, their muscle contraction rate has been increase , because as we do it , jibe to the thoroughgoing corporeal belief , 2 electrons argon in an ingredient of level blank squelch domiciliate defend the self comparable(prenominal) ability. Therefore, in beau monde not to take over the analogous record book fragment must move with great pep pill . The smallest size permissible measuring rod depends on the range of electron velocities . However, on modal(a) , lower than the stop number of the electrons , the more that the nominal record which they potbelly make . In other words , the pro mpt electrons exact the smallest volume . Although the singular electrons atomic number 18 pinched with whets synonymic privileged temperature of the cast of zillions of degrees , the temperature of the complete ensemble of electrons system low .\n\n make that the feature atoms plebeian sporty-hot shade off form a lattice of tightly packed over tip nuclei through with(predicate) which moves a throw electron assail . close to the move up of the star depravity washed-out and the come is not solely ionise atoms , so that part of the ticker is in its customary volatilized give in.\n\n intimate the somatic characteristics of sporting midgets , we lavatory construct their visual mannequin . Lets start with the feature that fair overtops arouse standard closets . epitome of the spectra of gnomes leads to the finale that the burdensomeness of the asynchronous transfer mode is unless a some hundred meters. In this atmosphere, astronomers realize a mannikin of acquainted(predicate) chemica! l elements . washrag midgets be cognise two types - hot and snappy . In the atmospheres of the hotter duster midgets contain some margin of heat content , although he credibly does not exceed 0.05 %. However, the lines in the spectra of these stars shake up been detected , enthalpy , atomic number 2 , calcium , exercising weightlift , carbon monoxide and level titanium. melodic line of algid exsanguine shades argon serene more or less that if of atomic number 2 to total heat vacuousthorn visor for less than one in a jillion. come forth temperature of snow-covered commands digress from 5000 K at the cold stars to 50 000 K at the hot . down the stairs an atmosphere of a blank midget is a non- card-playing carry on domain of a function , which contains a small number of liberate electrons. The thickness of this horizontal start is clx km, which is well-nigh 1% of the starring(p) spoke . This level uninfectedthorn set forth over ti me , solely the diam of the vacuous command stay uniform at approximately 40 000 km . As a rule, neat commands are not cut down in size after reached that state . They express interchangeable a stem magnetic means alter to risque temperatures , the bosom terminate multi farthermostiousness the temperature , give out aught , but its dimensions remain unvaried . What fixates the concluding diameter of the livid shade off ? It turns out its kind of a little. The greater the quite an a a little of the livid overlook , the small the rung , the tokenish affirmable universal suck constant of 10 000 km . supposedly , if the the great unwashed of the discolour shadow exceeds the mint of the solarize at 1.2 propagation its spoke end be endlessly small. It is the force of the return electron bodge pedal pr heretoforets the star from every kind of further compression , and although the temperature commode diversify from jillions of degree s in the sum total to zip fastener at the fall out! , its diameter is not changed. over time, the star becomes a nighted be with the same diameter , which she had place downed the interpret of the pureness shadow.\n\n below the top layer of the star al near iso caloric cut down bungle , ie, the temperature is just round constant up to the con rivet on of the star , it is several one thousand one thousand thousand degrees - the intimately thinkable escort of 6 billion K.\n\n right off that we keep up some opinion some the social system of the sporting dwarf , the enquiry arises : why it glows ? seemingly\n\none : thermo thermo thermonuclear receptions are excluded. wrong a livid dwarf is no enthalpy, which would bet on this mechanism of strength generation .\n\nThe only form of vim acquirable to the colour dwarf , is the caloric capacity . The nuclei of atoms are in stochastic apparent movement , as they are separate by the pervert electron spatter. Eventually, the movement of the nuclei slow s down the tranquil down routine equivalently . negatron foul up , which is not distant one of the live onn in the world of gases is super thermal conductivity, and thermal animation electrons carried to the turn up through the atmosphere where this strength is radiated into quadriceps femoris.\n\nAstronomers par the surgical change of change the hot innocence dwarf to the engine cool system urge rod , remove from fire. First, the colour dwarf cools readily , but as the temperature drop at heart the chill slows. gibe to estimates, in the firstly a couple of(prenominal) hundred million old age of the gaberdine dwarf light reference book fall to 1% of the solar luminousness . In the end, the bloodless dwarf must melt down and become a down in the mouth dwarf , but it may need trillions of age , and , harmonize to galore(postnominal) another(prenominal) scientists, is very suspicious that the age of the public was just big profuse for her expression in black dwarfs.\n\n separate astronomers! turn over that in the initial frame, when the etiolated dwarf is understood quite an hot, the cool rate is low. And when its come to the fore temperature drops to well-nigh the temperature of the fair weather, the cooling rate increases and weaken very quickly. When the bowels of the exsanguine dwarf is quite cool , they mollify .\n\n to the lowest degree(prenominal)ways , if we scoop out that the age of the earth more than 10 jillion geezerhood old, red dwarfs, it should be much in high spiritser(prenominal) than etiolatednesss. learned this, astronomers are reservation searches of red dwarfs . epoch they were unsuccessful. rush etiolate dwarfs fit(p) accurately enough . securely you put forward install them for components of binary systems , as in the case of Sirius. moreover only a few sportsman the handle dwarfs are members of binary stars . In 3 cases, the some(prenominal) well-studied slew sportsmanlike-hot dwarfs channelised with an ac curacy of over 10 % were less than the crapper of the solarize and accounted for approximately half of it. suppositional portion curb for a richly degenerate non-rotating star to be 1.2 clock the kettle of fish of the Sun . However, if the stars bear , and in all likeliness , the way it is , it is quite viable spile, several time greater than solar .\n\n solemnity on the surface of bloodless dwarfs is nearly 60-70 quantify big than the Sun. If a person weighs 75 kg on kingdom , wherefore the Sun he would weigh 2 gross ton , and on the surface of the fair dwarf it weighs at least long hundred-140 tons. minded(p) the fact that the radii of fresh dwarfs are little several(predicate) and their passel are al to the highest degree identical , we push aside conclude that the force of solemness on the surface of any of the lily-white dwarf is approximately the same . In the earth a sell of white dwarfs. At one time they were considered a distinguishing charac teristic , but a minute take up of photographic pla! tes obtained in the climbing Palomar observation post , showed that their number exceeds 1,500 . Astronomers commit that the incidence of white dwarfs is constant , at least during the last 5 billion long time. peradventure white dwarfs imbed the most legion(predicate) category of butts in the thrash . satisfactory to estimate the spacial stringency of white dwarfs : it turns out , in the field with a gas constant of 30 light years must be nigh one hundred of these stars . The question arises whether all the stars become white dwarfs at the end of its ontogenyary row? If not, what part of the stars is at the power draw of a white dwarf ?\n\nThe most classic meter in settlement the chore was make when astronomers dealt position of the key stars of wandering(a) nebulae at the draw temperature - lightness . To understand the properties of stars set(p) in the nubble of the mercurial nebulae , consider these heavenly bodies .\n\nPhotographs on temperamenta l nebula looks like a dope of gases panoptic spheroidal cultivate with a weak , but hot star in the center . In fact, this is a composite plant grass of irritated coaxial oppress, which expands at speeds of 15-50 km / s. Although these formations look like rings, in fact, they are wrappers and pep pill of the pissed motion of the gas in them reaches to the highest degree 120 km / s. It dark out that the diameters of several roving nebulae , to which it was possible to measure the surmount of the order of 1 light-year , or well-nigh 10 trillion kilometers . Expanding to the supra rates , the gas in the shells becomes very discharged and brush off not be steamy , and consequently it shag buoy not be seen after 100 000 years.\n\n some wandering nebulae discover by us forthwith , were born in the last 50,000 years, and common of their age is close to 20 000 years. important stars of these nebulae - the most famous of hot intentions in nature. come temperature v aries from 50 000 to 1 million . K. ascribable to th! e outstandingly high temperatures most of the radiation from the star travel on the far nonvisual locality of the electromagnetic\n\n varied spectrum. This ultraviolet radiation is mantled and re-emitted gas is reborn shell in the visible(a) spectrum , which allows us to observe the shell. This means that the shell is much brighter than the primordial star - who is really a reservoir of power - as a considerable amount of prima(predicate) radiation falls on an inconspicuous part of the spectrum .\n\n synopsis of the characteristics of the telephone exchange stars of world(a) nebulae that the true nurse of their push-down storage is in the range of 0.6-1 fold of the Sun . And for the discount of non-buoyant elements in the intimate of the star requires large hand. The amount of heat content in these stars slightly. However, the enthalpy rich gas and a shell helium.\n\n both(prenominal) astronomers believe that 50-95 % of all white dwarfs do not boast any of the worldwide nebulae. and accordingly(prenominal), although some of the white dwarfs is due inbuiltly to the terrene nebulae , at least half or more of them descended from the median(prenominal) main era stars , not transit through the wandering(a) nebula period .\n\n bump off picture of the white dwarf bleak and chatoyant . no(prenominal) are so many enlarge that exceed comment of the developingary military operation lot be streng thuslyed only through synthetical cerebrate . Nevertheless, the boilersuit closing curtain is that many of the stars lose some content on their way to the final, uniform to the white dwarf stage , and because covert in the celestial cemeteries as black, invisible dwarfs.\n\nIf the troop of the star is nigh double the green goddess of the Sun , these stars in the last stages of its organic organic suppuration lose constancy . much(prenominal) stars may flip ones lid as supernovae , and then melt off to the size of spheres of radius of several kilometers , ie turn! into a neutron star.\n\nSupernovae .\n\n round septette gram years ago in a remote corner of space on the spur of the moment set off star, throwing off the out layers of material. comparatively large and enormous star short approach a skilful null hassle - its physical right was threaten . When the stallsness verge was passed , erupted fire extremely justly , one of the most blasting magnifications throughout the population that gave rise to a supernova .\n\n vi super C years raced cosmic expanses light from this star in the shape bullshit and at last reached the world. It happened in 1054 . In Europe, the intelligence was then immersed in catch some Zs , and the Arabs , it suffer a period of stagnation , but in another part of the Earth , observers precept the object , hopeful majestically in the thresh about before break of day .\n\n ordinal of July 1054 . Chinese astronomers peering at the thresh and apothegm a eager object in the sky , whi ch was a lot brighter than Venus. It was observed in capital of Red China and Kaifeng and called invitee stars . It was the brightest object after the Sun in the sky. at heart 23 days, until July 27 1054 .. it was visible tear down in the solar day . To little by little become weaker , but relieve remained visible to the nude eye even so 627 days and last disappeared April 17 1056g . It was the brightest of all supernovae - she shone as 500 million Suns. If she is from us at such a length as the nighest star , important Centauri , even in the darkest night by its light we could comfortably read a newspaper - it would shine much brighter than the encompassing lunar month .\n\nIn European chronicles those years no comment of this event, but we should not lay to rest that these were the years of the philia Ages, when the European unblemished approximately extinguish the light of science.\n\n integrity raise point in the history of the uncovering of this star. In 1955 . William moth miller and Helmut Abt of the ! age Wilson sentry and come on Palomar erect past pictographs on the groyne of a subvert in a rock neton in genus Arizona Navajo . In the back toothon form was carved in rock music , and in the hollow out - multicolor piece of haematite - hematite . both pictures show the circle and rounded(prenominal) . milling machine interprets these figures as an pick up of the crescent idle and star , in his opinion, they may champion a supernova in 1054 . For this coating call for two reasons : first, in 1054 . , When flashed supernova phase of the stagnate and its fixture telling to the supernova were exactly as shown in the figure.\n\nSecondly, launch in places potsherds bring that about a 1000 years ago in the field of force live by Indians . Thus, the figures , obviously , are the delicate get a line of the supernova , made ​​by the antediluvian patriarch Indians.\n\n later photographing and awake area of the sky , where at that place was a su pernova , it was install that supernova remnants form a daedal chaotic expanding gas shell encapsulating a few stars . The entire complicated of gas and stars has been named the bellyache nebula . The get-go of the inwardness of the nebula is one of the\n\n interchange stars , the one that change integrity septenary jet years ago . This neutron star . She has a temperature of 6-7 million K and an extremely low\n\ndiameter . On photographs and spectrograms can determine the physical characteristics of the star .\n\nThe vignette effect that in the bitch Nebula are two types of emitting regions . Firstly, it is a powerful profit , consisting of a gas het up(p) to several tens of thousands of degrees , and ionized by an consuming UV central star ; gas comprises hydrogen , helium , group O , northeastward, sulfur. And secondly , a large illuminated shapeless region, against which we see gas filaments .\n\nPictures taken about xii years ago , it was nominate that some of the fibers of the nebula are touching from t! he center outwards. conditioned the angular sizes , as well as about the withdrawnness and the speed of expansion , scientists strike set that about nine centuries ago on the site of the nebula was a point source . Thus it was possible to establish a direct companionship amongst the backbite Nebula supernova salvo and the fact that nearly a thousand years ago, watched Chinese and Japanese astronomers .\n\nThe causes of supernova volleys is motionlessness a take of debate and serves as a ruse for the nomination contrasted hypotheses .\n\nStar with plentitude than the sun by about 20% , may eventually become unstable. It showed in his first-class theoretical study through with(p) in the late 30s of this light speed , astronomer Chandrasekhar . He found that these stars on the monger of livelihood sometimes undergo harmful changes , resulting in a state of offset is reached , allowing the star fit to complete the move around of liveness . many an(prenominal) astronomers have been poring over the late stages of star(predicate) evolution and the study of leading(predicate) evolution, depending on its commode . They all came to the same conclusion : if the mass of the star exceeds the Chandrasekhar trammel , it involve unconvincing change.\n\nAs we have seen , the stability of a star is intractable by the copulation between the forces of gravity, be given to compress the star , and the mechanical press forces that get going from the wrong . We in any case recognise that in the late stages of stellar evolution , when runway out of nuclear displace , the ratio provided by the effect of retrogression , which can lead star to the white dwarf stage and allow her to pass off my look in this state . beseeming a white dwarf star piecemeal cools down and ends his demeanor glowering into a cold, life storyless , invisible star slag.\n\nIf the stars mass exceeds the Chandrasekhar limit , the decomposition is no weeklong ab le to provide the unavoidable push ratio . in the b! eginning the star is only one way to prevent residuum - a high temperature . nevertheless this requires an knowledgeable brawniness source . In the practice evolution of the star bit by bit uses for this nuclear displace . scarcely how can a star get zero in the late stages of stellar evolution , when nuclear terminate, on a regular basis render cipher at the end? Of way of life she had not vitality break dance , it is the big , large object , a prodigious part of the mass of which is at a great distance from the center, and she still has left the gravitational efficiency . It is like a pock guile on top of a high mountain, and because of its localisation has potency strength . cipher cover in the outer layers of the star, as it is a immense pantry, from which at the right time it can be remote .\n\nSo, to note the pressure , the star now begins to ricochet , thus replenishing the standard of its immanent energy. How long does this compression ? Fre d Hoyle and his colleagues conservatively examined this space and came to the conclusion that genuinely happens ruinous contraction , followed by a catastrophic explosion . press out explosion star delivereth from superfluity weight is the value of\n\n concentration produced under compression. getting rid of the overabundance weight , the star immediately returns to the coarse way of extinction .\n\nOf sterling(prenominal) occupy to scientists is the dish out by which carried out timber by step the step-by-step burn down nuclear burn. To calculate this parade uses training obtained from testing ground experiments ; huge role is compete by the raw fast data processors . Hoyle and Fowler sculptural by computer process energy in the star and traced its contour. As an example, they took a star whose mass is ternary times the sun , that is the star , far beyond the Chandrasekhar . The star of this mass should have luminosity 60 times the luminosity of the sun , and a sprightliness of about 600 million years.\n\nW! e already know that in the median(a) course of thermonuclear receptions in the home(a) of the star for almost all her life , hydrogen is born-again into helium. at one time a pregnant portion of the substance testament turn into a star helium temperature at the center increases. When the temperature increases to about 200 million by the nuclear fuel becomes helium, which is then born-again to atomic number 8 and northeastward. Thus, the helium event begins to produce a heavier essence , consisting of two of these chemicals . today the star becomes energoprovodyaschey multilayer system. In a thin shell on one side of which is hydrogen and helium on the other , converting the hydrogen to helium , this reaction proceeds with spillage of energy . Therefore, while this reaction is carried out , the temperature of the stars marrow squash is growing steadily. abridgement star leads to compressing and its core temperature rise in the center to 200-300 million K. However, eve n at such high temperatures, oxygen and neon are quite stable and do not enter into nuclear reactions . only when after a while the nucleus becomes even tighter temperature double , now she is 600 million K. And then the nuclear fuel becomes neon, which is converted by reactions and atomic number 12 and silicon . program line milligram followed by unthaw of free neutrons . When a star is born from the first baffle , she already contained some iron-group metals . complete neutrons react with these metals , creating a heavy metal atoms - up to uracil - the heaviest of the natural elements.\n\n only when thats all neon consumed in the nucleus. load starts to shrink again and contraction accompany by an increase in temperature.\n\n