The Future of Computer Crime in America Essay Example For Students

The Future of Computer Crime in America Essay The Future of Computer Crime in AmericaSociology Research PaperSociology per. #210/8/96Sociology Topics:Future SocietySocial ChangeSocial and Enviromental IssuesDeviant BehaviorCrime/CorrectionsName: Brandon RobinsonPeriod: # 2The proliferation of home computers, and of home computers equipped withmodems, has brought about a major transformation in the way American societycommunicates, interacts, and receives information. All of these changes beingpopularized by the media and the wide increased personal and private sector useof the Internet. All of these factors plus the fact of more and more businessand government institutions are jumping to make the use of these services hasput a much wider range of information at the finger tips of those, often selectand few individuals whom know how to access, understand and use theseinformation sources. Often times today this information is of a very sensitiveand private nature on anything from IRS Tax returns, to Top Secret NASA payloadlaunch i nformation. Piled on top of that many times the individuals accessingthese information sources are doing so by illegal means and are often motivatedby deviant and illegal means. It is said that at any given time the averageAmerican has his name on an active file in over 550 computer informationdatabases of which nearly 90% are online, and of the 550 databases the numbercomes no where close to how many time your personal information is listed insome database in an unactive file. The Average American could simply sit inhis/her home doing nearly nothing all day long and still have his/her name gothrough over 1,000 computers a day. We will write a custom essay on The Future of Computer Crime in America specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now All of these vast information files all hold the crucial ones and zerosof data that make up your life as you and all others know it. All of these databits, at the hands 100,000s of people. With little or NO central control orregulatory agency to oversee the safe handling of your precious little ones andzeros of information. As it would seem Arson Wells was little late with histitle of 1984 . BIG BROTHER is INDEED WATCHING, US ALL and as it would seemour BIG BROTHER is alot bigger then Mr. Wells could have ever imagined. And thatour BIG BROTHER is EVERYWHERE! The 100,000s of people that do have thisinformation make up our modern BIG BROTHER in the form of governmentinstitutions to private advertising companies, these people are all thetrusted ones who use our information everyday for legal and useful purposesbut what about the others who use their skills and and knowledge to gain theirown personal and illegal access to these vast depositories of information?These individuals populariz ed and demonized by the media are often referred toas Hackers or One who obtains unauthorized if not illegal, access to computerdata systems and or networks. or the media definition maladjusted losersforming high-tech street gangs that are dangerous to society (Chicago Tribune,1989) Which ever one is best fitted they are indeed becoming a very seriousissue and worry to some in our ever and constantly changing American TechnoSociety. Because of the serious delection by our elected representatives whomhave valiantly once again failed to keep up with the ever changing times, thereis if any major or clear and easy to understand CONSTITUTIONAL (The recent 3to 1 over turn of the not only controversial but deemed UNconstituional lawculled the Communications Decency Act) laws as to the governing of the vastlywild and uncharted realms of cyberspace. The flagrant and serious if notslightly laughable attempts of our technologically illiterate and ignorantmasses of elected officials. Sends a cl ear S.O.S. message to the futuregenerations of America to not only LOCK you PHYSICAL DOORS but also LOCK anddouble LOCK all or your COMPUTER DOORS as well. In order for this society toevolve efficiently with our ever changing technology rate. We as the masses aregoing to have to keep abreast with the current events that are lurking out inthe depths of cyberspace. Before we, as a result of our inability to adapt andour arrogance and ignorance, are all products of our own technological overindulgence. So to avoid the tragic and ending collision of our own selfmanufactured technological self-destruction and the break-down of our society,in every tangible aspect, as we know of it today. .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784 , .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784 .postImageUrl , .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784 , .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784:hover , .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784:visited , .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784:active { border:0!important; } .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784:active , .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784 .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u36d29efa58870e8be8b0875010f14784:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Critical Thinking EssayI believe that in the future we are headed towards you will see oursociety divided into Two major parts 1.) Those whom pose the knowledge andcapability to obtain the knowledge/information i.e.. the LITERATE and 2.)Those who dont pose the skills necessary to obtain that crucialknowledge/information, i.e.. the ROAD KILL Because in the future, the powerstructure will not be decided by who has the most guns or missiles or weaponsbut the powers structure will be made up of little tiny ones and zeros, bits ofdata giving to those whom ever poses the power of the knowledge and the power tomanipulate who has that knowledge. The rich and elitist will be thekno wledge posers and givers and the poor will be those with the lack ofknowledge. Knowledge will bring power and wealth and the lack of willbring..well the lack of power, wealth and knowledge. Sources1.Thesis by Gordon R. Meyer The Social Organization of the ComputerUnderground2.2600 Magazine The Hacker Quarterly3.The Codex Magazine Monthly Security and Technical Update. 4.Secrets of a Super Hacker by the Knightmare5.Personal Knowledge, Brandon Robinson

The Hobbit is a Unique Story essays

The Hobbit is a Unique Story essays Today, many readers think The Hobbit is one of the most unique novels in the twentieth century; on the other hand, some readers think this novel is not written based on Tolkiens own thoughts. There are many ancient texts associated with The Hobbit. People who have read about Norse, English, or Germanic mythology may find out that the story plots are related to The Hobbit. Nevertheless, Tolkien should not be considered a plagiarist. Although he employs various events and characters that are similar to those of ancient myths, his story is original. Tolkiens Smaug in The Hobbit has many precedents in ancient texts; however, Smaug acts differently compared to other dragons. Fafnir, an evil dragon in Volsunga Saga, is remarkably similar to Smaug. Both dragons have hard skin, hold treasures, and have the ability to spill flames, but unlike Smaug, Fafnir was originally a dwarf. They have different purposes for guarding their treasures; Smaug guards treasures for his own good, but Fafnir guards his father's house of glittering gold and flashing gems(14). Also, the English myth about St. George fighting the dragon, illustrates that the dragons Skin more hard than brass was found(33) except the weak spot under the right wing which was the only place where there were no scales(35), and that is similar to one of Smaugs traits. However, Smaugs weak spot is in the hollow of his left breast. In the end, both Smaug and the dragon in the English myth die differently because events are dissimilar. Smaug is killed by an arrow, but the other is slain by a spear straight at the fiery dragons jaws(34). Thus, Smaug is different from the dragons in the ancient texts. That makes Tolkiens story original. There are many main characters in The Hobbit that are somewhat similar to the characters in the ancient texts; however, they are different in the sense of their backg ...

Current Events in Public Health Leadership and the Fiedler Contingency Assignment

Current Events in Public Health Leadership and the Fiedler Contingency Theory - Assignment Example gs forth to two factors in leadership referred to as leadership style and situational favorableness as outlined in fielder contingency model (Ornstein, & Lunenburg, 2007). This paper seeks to analyze a recent activity in relation to Fielder Contingency Model. Alzheimer disease is a disease that affects the human brain and if not treated at an advanced stage may have lethal consequences. As such, it has been necessary to carry out research on the disease in order to look into the problem and propose solutions that might eliminate it, or provide medicine effective in avowing adverse effects on the victims. Research entails looking into a specified problem and using relevant literature and results obtained, bring out a solution. In this regard, research might include different parties and the success of the entire project is determined by the coordination of each and every party. Therefore, good leadership is essential to ensure smooth undertaking of the research. The research on Alzheimer disease was executed using rats as specimen, as Terrence believed argued , â€Å"We believe the rats will be an excellent, stringent pre-clinical model for testing experimental Alzheimer’s disease therapeutics† (Thomas para 2). From the research, it emerged that high level of beta-amyloid in the brain leads to the occurrences of the health disorder, Alzheimer. The disease affects a substantive percentage of American population, about five million, making it an important aspect of research, which would ensure that citizens live happy lives, free from diseases. The research on Alzheimer disease was carried out by a team of experts headed by Professor Terrence Town. Each person acted at different capacity and the joined effort led to the success realized. In concluding presenting the results, Professor Neil argued that presenting the results to interested researchers with results obtained would be of great help in the future. This is an aspect of good leadership as in recognizes

OSHA Standards Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

OSHA Standards - Essay Example This can be by considering chemical appearance and odor among others. Measures for protection should also be dealt with together with necessary emergency procedures and equipments to use. Labeling system should also be clear for all to understand. In case an employee is highly exposed to hazardous chemicals like lead, the employer should perform a medical check to ascertain the extent of exposure whereby the results should be availed within 15 days after their receipt (OSHA, 2011). The employer in case the levels exceed exposure limit should initiate measures to reduce the levels of lead for concentration of around 30 ug/m(3). Lead is a substance that is quite hazardous and training in the Lead Standard offers good information that enables employees and employers to handle overexposure to the Action Level. References OSHA (2011). Toxic and hazardous substances. Retrieved 25 Jan. 2011 from, http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p id=10030 OSHA (2011). Hazard communication. Retrieved 25 Jan. 2011 from, http://www.osha.gov/pls/oshaweb/owadisp.show_document?p_table=STANDARDS&p id=10099

Stategic management (strategic thinking) Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Stategic management (strategic thinking) - Essay Example The notion of strategy holds its roots in military usage. According to Nickols, "In business, as in the military, strategy bridges the gap between policy and tactics. Together, strategy and tactics bridge the gap between ends and means" (2000, p. 1). Over the years, the definition of the word strategy has been interpreted in a variety of different ways by researchers and scholars. Nickols also claims that the concept of strategy consists of four rudimentary components: perspective, position, plan, and pattern. The official definition that he offers his readers after discussion the definitions proposed by others is that "Strategy is a term that refers to a complex web of thoughts, ideas, insights, experiences, goals, expertise, memories, perceptions, and expectations that provides general guidance for specific actions in pursuit of particular ends. Strategy is at once the course we chart, the journey we imagine and, at the same time, it is the course we steer, the trip we actually make" (2000, p. 1) Strategy can be difficult for a strategist because it often involves a lot of guesswork. No one can predict the future with full accuracy, so quite a few assumptions have to be made based on things such as past performance and experiences. Nonetheless, all strategies are based on goals, which mean managers have an ideal situation in mind to strive for, regardless of whether or not they know exactly how to get there. Strategy involves a lot of risk-taking, which also means that a lot of research has to be performed if it is to be as accurate as possible. Without a carefully made plan, an attempt at organizing a strategy can result in managers running around in circles, wasting money, and becoming quite frustrated (Nickols, 2000). Strategic decisions are made within an organization through a series of key steps. First of all, there is the communication stage where those with a vested interested gather together and exchange thoughts and ideas regarding a particular company's current situation versus where it could end up in the future. SWOT analyses are often conducted at this point. Once the desired end result has been determined, they are communicated continuously to those within the organization so that no one loses sight. Next, it is important that companies ensure a complete and thorough understanding of the desired end result through discussing issues related to it and gathering and observing feedback. One example of strategic decision making of this nature took place when Starbucks chose to redo their organizational structure around 2005, which is now relatively flat compared to the traditional organizational structure (Nickols, 2000). Strategic Thinking Mintzberg does an excellent job of providing advantages, disadvantages, facts, and folklores of strategic thinking in his literary works. Mintzberg claims that there are four myths regarding the job duties of a manager. First of all, people believe that managers tend to plan in a reflective manner, which is untrue since the often prefer to take action in a speedy fashion. Second, people tend to believe that managers are exempt from regular duties, but this is also untrue. Third, people tend to believe that managers always prefer concrete, paper evidence of information, when they in reality often prefer verbal

The Performance Appraisal Systems Performance

The Performance Appraisal Systems Performance The research explores the effect of performance appraisal on performance of employees and in turn on companies as well. The purpose considers the operation of Shell in UK and Pakistan to enhance its employee performance. Furthermore, the academic requirement, the research aim and question are specified in literature available on performance appraisal system. Also with the supporting of related theory available by book s, journals, articles and surveys, the critical review of literature is made in all the aspects of topic and concept of performance appraisal system and its relationship to drive performance. The self administered questionnaire is distributed among the selected sample, like Shell UK and Shell Pakistan staff members, also a telephonic interview from the top mangers helped in collection of the required data. Than data is analyzed through different ways of comparison and contrasts. Finally the general recommendation of research findings is made on the current performance appraisal system and main driver of employee performance which company and employee wants. The study seeks to examine Analyze performance appraisal system and its impact on employees performance working in different working environments a case study of Royal Dutch Shell retail specific to operation in UK and PAKISTAN. In the 1980s Western world observed the achievement of Japanese organizations. The main factor identified for this success was the recognition and proper utilization of their work force. This has subjective the key practitioners and writers of western countries and they also start considering the significance of proper management of their work force, they name this management, Human Resource Management or HRM. Most the organization is no longer rely on the fixed resource of capital and technology to achieve competitive advantage in fast changing and highly competitive environment(sparrow et ,1994).its mainly on the hiring and skilled retention, devoted and motivated employees that will give an organization a competitive edge. To improve the effectiveness of their employees organization are more focusing on the management of their human resources. According to Boxall and Purcell (2003) when the human resource practices are aligned to an organization business strategy it become more effective. Furthermore, McCourt and Eldridge (2003) propose the integration of individual human resource practices so that they balance each other.Nonaka and Takeuchi (1995) and Collins and Porras (2004) highlight organizations which have successfully aligned their human resource practices with business strategy. Unfortunately, for many organizations the effective human resources management is still problematic. Therefore Bratton and Gold (1999), state that performance appraisal (pa) in organization is a continuous and problematic process which is not liked by both mangers and employees. According to Latham and Wexley (1994) performance appraisal is like a seatbelt which still necessary, is unpopular. Lawler et (1995) suggest that since it is noticed that performance appraisal fulfilled the needs of organization and the individual, which are different, performance appraisal will always be characterised by differences in purpose, miscommunications and ineffectiveness. Fletcher (2004) states that many organization move away with the effective performance appraisal. The term performance appraisal will be used in this study to consign to the appraisal practice. Different organization called this on different names such as performance evaluation, performance review, performance rating ,employee evaluation and employee appraisal (ivancevich ,1995).after finding that employee performance can affect largely on productivity of organization ,they continue to endeavour to find out the most effective way of managing its human resources. Performance appraisal is human resource practice used by organization for the development of their employee to best output potential and overall enhancement of an organizations performance and efficiency. Shell is known for exploring and producing oil and natural gas products and also famous for retail stations. Shell transport and trade oil and gas product for heavy industrial uses includes fuel and lubricant for ships and planes. Many other activities includes wind power, electricity production, and making solar panels, producing petrochemicals which are used for coatings,plastics and detergents, and build up new technology for hydrogen vehicles .More importantly, approximately 3% of the worlds oil and approximately 3.5% of the worlds gas is produced by Shell companies, similar to other major private oil and gas companies (Shell, 2005). Using royal Dutch shell plc for research study is because it is international group of energy and petrochemicals companies, operating in more than 145 countries and employing approximately 119,000 people (shell, 2005). They are one of the biggest in the oil sector is known to be listed in the top 50 companies on number one in the world. (Fortune ,Global 500 ,2009).This research is going to look at the concept of HRM, draw up a unified work to examine its role on profitability and growth of businesses, and finally, investigate the current business context with regards to performance appraisal system of Royal Dutch Shell Plc. Literature review 2.1 Performance appraisal Performance appraisal is one of the important practices of human resource management started early in 1813 in United states of America ,(Bellows and Estep 1954m cited in wise and Buckley ,1998)so there is increasing interest in and uses of performance appraisal system in the last three decades stated by Murphy and Cleveland ,(1995).therefore extensive literature available on this subject. in spite of this success ,many organization still struggling to make and implement effective performance appraisal system. all the thought given to process ,many of flaws still willful (wise and Buckley ,1998).performance management is a bigger picture in which performance appraisal is located (piggot ,Irvine ,2003),performance management focuses on providing a framework for guiding employee performance towards achieving organizational goals(Torrington et ,2002)performance management is therefore anxious with improving the performance of teams and individual to ensuring the optimal environment is av ailable for their employees to enhance their performance (Armstrong ,2003). Wilson and westrn, (2003), and Cattell, (1999) argued that performance appraisal is looked in the broader term and that its begin in management by objectives, performance management is a continues repeated process of decisive performance expectation, supporting performance, appraising performance and, managing performance standards (Analoui and Fell, 2002). Performance appraisal generally means the annual interview between the manger and employee to discuss the individuals job performance during the previous 12 months the result of action plans to encourage enhanced performance (Wilson and western, 2001). Armstrong and Barron (2003) stated that it is easier to achieve the desired goals and objectives when the manger and subordinates clearly know what is expected of them. According to Fletcher (2004), performance appraisal provides a prospect for a manger and for subordinates to discuss the previous performance work on agreed objectives and standards to reach an agreement on how the appraise can enhance job performance. Performance appraisal is spread in organization since 1960s for employee evaluation, for organization planning purposes, and it is becoming the important element for maximizing the effectiveness of all part of the organization ,from management staffing and development to production and customer services (Creamer and jonosik, 2000).it was used before in this century by larger organization mostly for the administrative purposes (peter and Liang ,2007). 2.2 Why performance appraisal? Performance appraisal is one of the important among the HRM practices ,many organization is able to measure the development of their employee posture and behavior through the use of appraisal system.teh information which is get by this approach is used for the changing in the selection and training practices to chose and develop employees with the require behavior and attitude. The effectiveness of skilled employee is not in favor unless they are properly motivated to perfume their job (Singh K, 2004). Wan et al (2002) explored that there is encouraging relationship between performance appraisal and employee performance or organizational performance. The basic object of performance appraisal is how productive and employee is and verify the way in which employee productivity can be improved. 2.2 .1 Benefits of performance appraisal to employee Generally, performance appraisals serve an important purpose in the management of workforce and in achieving the organization objective. From employee perspective, performance appraisal give direction to employee that what exactly their way of required to do the job, also to motivate them to achieve their target and help them to improve their work performance. According to Brown and Heywood, (2005) performance appraisal is formalized way of monitoring the work force and it is proposed to be a management tool to enhance the performance and productivity of worker. Performance appraisal also improves the commitment of employee (Brown and Benson.2003).The Organization needs an appraisal system in order to put their managers in charge of relation to the performance of organization because when employees are given their job responsibilities and duties, then they are liable for these responsibilities. Also Fletcher (2004) suggested that performance appraisal provide a platform for employees to look forward their tough goals and objectives, which leads them in successful completion of their job. The positive feedback receive from the mangers in appraisal interview will motivate employees in improving their performance likely. Martin and Jackson, (2000) appraisal is also a method of enhancing employee training and development as it provide information about the strength and weaknesses in performance, which create a debate how to improve the performance of employee. In the end it helps the employees to understand their overall contribution in achieving organization goals (Martin and Jackson, 2000). 2.2 .2 Benefits of Performance apprisal to organization In most of the organization performance appraisal are used to take meaningful decision regarding salary increases, promotion and transfer. Performance appraisal is also the known to be best for the training and consultation of individual employees by their superiors to improve job performance (Wan D et al 2002, Sels L 2003: Singh K, 2004).the performance related pay processes can also be used in integration with appraisal system. There are many ways by which organization will enhance the performance of their employees. They use performance based compensation to give rewards on successful completion on specific organization goals and objectives. Further research has given evidence that compensation to employees help in improving their performance (Gomez -Mejia wellbourn,1988 ., Milkovich Boudreau 1998). Another system is the bonus system which can also be used for motivating employee to work towards their achievement of the company (Pfeffer 1994).Empirical studies done and found tha t there is positive relationship between performance-related pay and overall company performance. 2.3 Problem with performance Appraisal Deming (2000) stated that performance appraisal is considered to be one of the seven deadly diseases of management practice. He argued that rating employee on individual based was not a suitable way of measuring performance since the working environment is controlled by manager contributes to and affects the way of employee performance. Many problems arise during performance appraisals, some arise from manger side and some from employee, and also some arise from other factors. 2.3 .1 Employee and mangers perception about PA Mostly employees dislike performance appraisal interview for the fear of uncertainty in handling the questions, fear of criticism, concern about promotion, and also fear because their future job with organization mainly depends upon the outcome of these interviews. Employees see these interviews as validation for those decisions which are already made concerning salaries, promotion and job tenures. Poorly conducted performance appraisal system can more damage the organization environment. In organization many managers also dislike performance appraisal interviews; its difficult for them to explain employees about their poor performance they find it unpleasant and awkward. Some managers fear that performance appraisal gives employees self satisfaction and result in lower of performance. Due to these reasons, they not give any positive information to employees. Another reasons to give regular scheduled for taking appraisal interview. Some manger not involve in seriously performance appraisal they just taking it as job to be completed not a mean of exchanging or sharing suggestion and getting new ideas from their subordinates (Wells and Spinks ,1994). 2.3 .2 Complexity of PA procedure Armstrong and Baron, (1998) has name performance appraisal as dishonest annual ritual because manger and staff disbelieve performance rating with the faith that performance related pay may function unfairly. Some problems with appraisal are known as complex procedure used in assessment, biased elements which bring confusion in the assessment, rewards and progress in the hand of single boss, employees have to work with their appraisers after the appraisal and idea is that performance appraisal aims to limit the collective aspects of work. There are some common problems which are faced by both appraiser and appraise such problem like paperwork; formality of the appraisal process .thats why performance appraisal has been termed as curse rather than a solution for organization (Taylor, 1998). 2.3.3 Performance appraisal to organization Grint (1993) argues that due to the subjectivity of performance appraisal is not giving the positive expected result to organization and is unlikely to assist objective appraisals. He indicates that performance appraisal is not as much acceptable to line managers as it is acceptable to human resource managers. However he admits that performance appraisal still play important role in organization. Fletcher (1997) suggests that expecting too much from performance appraisal is danger since it in unlikely solution for all performance problems. In spite of the criticism, Fletcher (2004), Murphy and Cleveland (1995) argue that performance appraisal is important for improvement performance in organization and Simmons (2002) say again that nobody give reasonable alternative for appraising perfomance.Fletcher (2004), Murphy and Cleveland (1995) suggest that the process that is followed in design and implementation of such a system prohibits effectiveness rather than only performance appraisal is not responsible. Fletcher (2004) further argues that organization spends proper money, time and willing to spend effort can achieved successful performance appraisal system. He also acknowledges though that if organization has an effective performance appraisal system they still have to monitor continuously that system to make sure that it compels all needs of its stakeholders. 2.4 Why performance appraisal fails Fletcher and Williams (1985) point out that only assessment of people is not only thing involve in appraising persons work performance. in fact there are two incompatible roles involve in appraisal- these are judge and helper. In its unclear format, foot and Hook (2002) stated that some usual appraisal schemes have been accused of being run for the profit of personnel managers or top managers, with many other people in the organization not really understanding or appreciating what the performance appraisal scheme was trying to achieve.A sample of a typical form for performance appraisal using Management by Objectives (MBO) i.e. (based on objectivity rather than subjectivity) is drawn in appendix a below, that shows that the questions are quite straight forward and seems no direct confusion in terms of understanding: 2.4 .1 Expected many results from PA Foot and Hook (2002) raised the point that why the performance appraisal fails and where we are mistaken? One major point is that too many purposes are attached to fulfil by the appraisal system. Usually, most of the appraisal schemes drop into one of three categories i.e. they are concerned with performance, potential or reward. Failure to this occurs as they dont fall into one of the three categories described, but are expected to achieve all three in general. The recognition of appraisal system downgraded due to the reason that many managers claim that they give this sort of feedback all the time informally, and if they do this well there may indeed be no need for a formal appraisal scheme. Foot and Hook, (2002) But in general, it is important to say that it is unlikely that all managers in a particular organization will appraise their staff constantly and effectively, so we do not have enough argument against the use of performance appraisal systems. There are some other flaws in the approach of performance appraisal that are mentioned by Foot and Hook (2002) as below: Lack of clarity Linking appraisal with pay Keeping information secret from the employee And Subjectivity or attacks on the appraises character As we now entered into the new millennium, so almost everything is reshaped and rethought for more effective results, so the performance appraisal as well. Mentioned by Stone (2002) that a study by William M. Mercer Consulting in 1995 suggested that 84 per cent of responding companies would continue to use the results of performance appraisals for its further improvement. So it is obvious that performance appraisals will be the keystone of performance management programmes. This studies show that majority of organizations will continue to use some version of these systems with the passage of time. 3 Methodology This research follows methodology of Saunders (2003) explain the research its in his famous research onion. The research methodology explained the overall process of implementing research which includes information about how the data will be collected, from whom, who will be included in the collection of data and how the involvement made in research (Saunders,2003).In this research the assessment in detail of findings from the primary research. This will be done through the analysis and discussion of the result obtained through the unstructured interviews and questionnaire which was conduct with various personnel of the shell Pakistan, and Shell UK .The analysis and findings from the primary research, relates to the objective of the research mentioned in the literature review. The primary research findings will be discussed in detail in order to draw conclusions and recommendations, which will discuss in the organizational findings and discussion. In the research a total of 70 questi onnaires spread among the targeted sample of shell Pakistan. A total of 28 completed and returned, showing the participation average rate as 47%, which is still a good response rate for questionnaires. The feedback was expected at least 50%; the reason behind was the good management cooperation and the researchers good recognition among other employees. The management distributed and recollected the questionnaire in the time frame allotted for this activity and the management also shown their own interest due to the examination of upcoming results to find out the actual root of many problems. In addition to the overall result of the questionnaire, the telephonic interviews were also analyzed to see how it can influence the whole results. While in Shell UK the same number 70 questionnaires distributed across the selected sample, mainly these questionnaires distributed in the shell retail patrol service stations. in which 35 of them completed and returned, which is the good expected rate of feedback 50 %.the reason is the mangers corporation and organization culture ,which always welcomes these research for the result which gives useful amount of information to the organization to help them in their organization development. 4 Organizations findings and discussion 4.1Organizational Context: Royal-Dutch Shell Group Overview The Royal Dutch Company for the development of petroleum properly in the Netherlands East indies was registered in Hague in 1890.than in 1949 the name is changed to Royal Dutch petroleum company .Shell was first registered back in 1897 by brothers Marcus and Sam Samuel called as the shell transport and trading company, Ltd .(now it become PLC ,public limited company ).The first joint operating company Royal-Dutch /shell ,the Asiatic petroleum company was first established in 1903 and in 1907,Royal-Dutch and shell merged their operation respectively ,in 60 % Royal-Dutch ,40 % shell. Even though after merging their interests the main company remain separate: like one can buy share in Royal-Dutch or in Shell-Transport, but not in the Group as such.US oil production increase due to the Group founded the American Gasoline Company to sell gasoline along the pacific coast and also to buy oil in Oklahoma establish the Roxanna petroleum in year 1912.this growth further boost up in 2000 result ing 34 percent earnings from discovery and production and 4 percents is comes from the sales of oil products were generate in USA.(shell .com )(financial report 2009,Royal Dutch shell plc). 4.2 Largest profitable MNCs( multinational corporation) The Royal Dutch /Shell Group is one of the largest and profitable MNCs in the world (Shell plc ,Annual report 2009 ) .The Anglo -Dutch group of companies is the Royal-Dutch shell group, the two holding companies which own the group is being the shell transport and trading company Plc (UK) and Koninklijke Nederland (Royal Dutch petroleum company, Netherlands).these companies have divided share between them are 40 percent and 60 percent respectively of the following three subsidiaries, which also own them further holding companies for more operating subsidiaries: these are Shell petroleum NV (Netherland) Shell petroleum Company LTD (UK) Shell petroleum Inc.(USA) 4.3 SHELL UK 4.3 .1 from oil well to the petrol pump Shell UK is best known for its energy product and services from the oil well to petrol pump, from the pit of North Sea to the warm house throughout UK, shell delivers the energy which full fill the Britain needs. Shell makes major contribution in UK economy, Shell is not just through providing product and services to UK customer ,but also contributes through employment ,investment and tax revenues which boost up economy. Shell has around 8,600 workforces in the UK. In UK energy that is use by millions of people for heating and powering their homes Shell is the major provider of energy in UK.(shell.co.uk) 4.3.1,2 Upstream business Shell main upstream business is a leading player in the North Sea for over 30 years. In UK sector of North Sea, shell is giving interest to more than 50 fields, operated in more than 30 installation platforms, 30 subsea installations, three onshore gas plants and a marine terminal. Shell is producing approximately 15 % of UK oil and gas on behalf of its co-ventures.(shell.co.uk) 4.3.1,3 Downstream business Shell Downstream business includes 900 shell-branded service stations, operates the second largest refinery in the UK which providing products like premium fuels, chemicals for industry, and V-power patrol. The global headquarters of shell downstream supporting business functions is located on the south bank of the Thames in London. Shell technology centre Thornton, involved the largest community of scientists working on huge range of research projects, and also working on technologies associated with fuels, lubricants, additives, and engineering.(shell.co.uk) In term of oil and gas production volumes shell is the largest exploration and manufacturing companies operating in UK. Shell operates major number of its operation in UK continental with the 50:50 joint ventures with ExxonMobil. Mostly UK oil and gas production came from the North Sea .in the Atlantic margin area, shell has an interests as non-operating contributor mainly in the west Shetlands area, which cover area of Schiehallion, Clair and loyal fields. 4.3.2 Shell Pakistan Bovee, (1997) stated that today work place is completed of the people who differ in race, gender, age, culture, family structure, religion and educational background. Such cultural diversity is the second movement contributing towards the importance of ability of successful communication with people of other cultural. The business messages, how to create, planned, sent, received, and interpreted in the work place is also affected by diversity. (John v, thrill and Courtland, 1977). 4.3.2,1Shell entry in Asia The brand name Shell enjoys a 100-year history in this part of the world, dating back to 1899 when Asiatic Petroleum, the extreme eastern marketing arm of two companies: Shell Transport Company and Royal Dutch Petroleum Company began importing kerosene oil from Azerbaijan into the subcontinent. Even today, the legacy of the past is visible in a storage tank carrying the date 1898. 4.3.2 ,2 PAKISTAN subcontinent The known history of Royal Dutch Shell plc in Indo Pakistan subcontinent dates back to 1903 when partnership between the two big companies, The Shell Transport Trading Company and the Royal Dutch Petroleum Company struck and start supply petroleum to Asia. In 1928, to increase their distribution capabilities, the marketing interest of Royal Dutch Shell plc and the Burma Oil Company Limited in India were merged and Burma Shell Oil Storage Distribution Company of India was born. After the independence of Pakistan in 1947, the name was changed to the Burma Shell Oil Distribution Company of Pakistan. In 1970, when 51% of the shareholding was transferred to Pakistani investors, the name changed to Pakistan Burma Shell (PBS) Limited. The Shell and the Burma Groups retained the remaining 49% in equal propositions. In February of 1993, as economic liberalisation began to take root and the Burma divested from PBS, Shell Petroleum stepped into raise its stake to 51%. The years 2001-2 have seen the Shell Petroleum Company successively increasing its share, with the Group now having a 76% stake in Shell Pakistan Ltd (SPL) an expression of confidence. The company is among one of the best company in the country. The company provides the entire fue l products, competing with the international standards on the standard price. 5 Main findings After the organizational context the main description of differences in implementation and adaptation of HR practices with the focus on performance appraisal system for their employees while working in the two different business environment ,which is shell UK and shell Pakistan. In research finding it is clear that the present appraisal system at Shell Pakistan is conducted annually in each and every department of the organisation. Also in findings it is clear that the annual appraisal system at Shell Pakistan consists of a formal appraisal system to evaluate the employee performance. The finding also results in that a very short number of employee 15 % is fully aware of objectives of performance appraisal system, 15 % of wholly respondent fully aware of it means that makes a very weak performance appraisal knowledge base for their recommendation. However, it is clear that in Shell Pakistan there is a significant weakness in conducting of effective training and development programmes by management. As employee working in the Shell Pakistan there is need of more awareness program to let the staff fully aware and get the maximum benefits from it. While in shell UK also uses formal appraisal system and uses the scorecard for the performance appraisal, employees are rewarded individual performance and also the team achievement in put to sustainability. As comparison to Shell Pakistan, In research findings it is clear that very good percentage number of employee like 40% of wholly respondent is fully aware of performance appraisal and reward management. They know that they can assess on the number of grounds works and will get rewarded according to their individual and group performances. There is also continues training and development program running time to time for the awareness of Shell UK employees. That why employee working for Shell UK is getting much more benefits compare with the employee working for Shell in Pakistan. Although Shell Pakistan has already been practicing it, there still consist some necessary considerations to PRP (Performance Related Pay).Contingent pay covers various methods of providing additional rewards for individuals or teams. As a cost effective factor, stated by Armstrong (2002) that increments may be withheld for unacceptable performance although this is rare, and some structure have a merit bar which limits increments unless a defined level of merit has been achieved. In the table 1 of appendix has straight merit increments shown as example of merit pay. The increments percentage will depend on total merit pay budget for each performance grade, the number of employee in each performance level and finally their current level of base pay, (John Shields 2007). One of the best ways of motivation is linking pay directly to employee performance, in Shell UK finding results 70 % of the questioners respondents were strongly agree to this statement while 20% agree, 7% disagree and 3 % strongly disagree. It implies that there is need of contingent pay in the company. Even though pay for performance and contingent pay is difficult in mange, but include many methods of providing rewards for individual or team (Armstrong and Stephens, 2002). Improved team working is one of the core elements in the business strategy for the Shell Pakistan, so it is good to attach/associate individual performance pay to the performance of individual and teams. On the other hand ensuring that this scheme is distributed fairly so can meet the desired level of performance, competence, contribution or skill and thus improve organizational performance regarding team based tasks while not de-motivating those who cannot currently compete. (Armstrong M, 2002).here HR and operation manager is agree on the point that rewarding those who can meet assured targets is practicing in Shell Pakistan. To maintain these scheme is hard because of political instability in the Pakistan which influence the shell operation .these factor includes limit on production, civil unrest ,international conflicts, and due to local security concern that affect the safe operation of the shell standards in country. Here also employee keen interest in performance pays more tha n reward because the uncertainty of business environment there is fear of job loss. While UK economy is one of the best stable economies for business operation, where Shell UK deliver very affective performance appraisal system for their employees. To analyze the performance of team and individual Shell UK have very stable roots in country can focus in increase the business perfor

Different Styles of Learning Essay

Different styles of learning were the topic of conversation this week during a class discussion. We were asked by our instructor to first discover and talk about what our personal styles of learning are and share what helps us be successful in a learning environment. Next we were tasked to discover what our actual learning abilities were against a few online brainteasers. The information given by these sites have given me a chance to step back and ask myself what and how different styles of learning affect me. With that said, I personal believe that these sites should be used as a generic scale and not a basis of what students true learning potential are. One of the first steps of understanding what kind of student you are is to pin point what your ability to learn is and use your strong points to help push you through your goals. I have learned from this subject that there are several types of learning styles, Visual, Auditory and Kinesthetic. Through a short test I completed I learned that I am 46% Auditor, 29% Visual and 25% kinesthetic (Advanogy. com, 2004). From the questions that were asked and the results I received I believe that is test is correct on its calculation. I feel like I learn more accurately under the guidance of a teacher. The second test I took also indicated that I rated highest in aural learning ability (Bixler, 2010). Based on these results from the two web sites. I agree that I prefer to learn by listening and that written tests can slow me down because I tend to read every question to myself. (Advanogy. com, 2004) Motivation and foundation are the two keys I believe in for styles of learning. Motivation â€Å"is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to act towards a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal-directed behaviors† Wikipedia (2013). What the definition of motivation doesn’t state is how to get it, and sustain it. In my opinion motivation maybe gained though a few different avenues, such as hardship, prenatal encouragement/guidance and the will to overcome bad life decisions and raise above family, peers and others expectation of you. Without motivation I would not be able to continue through this our any other course I am pursuing. Second, foundation is the ground that builds an object. Without a proper foundation an object cannot stand new obstacles and will most likely fail. Now what I’m referring to is foundation of education. Foundation is one of the keys to a student’s ability to become successful in a learning environment. This is most likely passed down through the leaders of the student’s family. Some of my keys of foundation are; organization skills, importance of building character, compassion and setting feasible short term and long term goal. I unfortunately was not given the best educational opportunity growing up; my parents have always let their children figure out their problems and give little to no guidance. This situation left my education to the wayside, but I will not let that excuse continue to affect my family or myself. I have learned throughout my years in the Coast Guard that you cannot change your past but that you can change your future. To fully understand what different learning styles are, you first have to go out and find them. They cannot found on Internet based test or even someone’s opinion. You must seek the information from qualified educators and bust your tail to better your understanding of a subject.

Sample Interview Paper

A lot of student's can't afford to move away from their families. What are the common roles within the family system? Wife- domestic responsibilities as well as caring for the family Husband- work during the day-go out at night (on the town-drinking) Children-Help around house, work as soon as they are able (usually beginning around age 12), If lucky they are able to attend school What are the gender roles? Both in the home and in general)? Men have a much higher status. They are the leader of the household and make all of the ‘family' decisions Women are granted very little respect. They usually do not work outside the home and their pollens are usually not validated. What are the main religions? Roman Catholicism – occasional practices of tribal religions What holidays are celebrated and how? New Years- dress as famous people; blow up scarecrow filled with fireworks 10th of August; Independence- drinking and partying What is a typical day like?Men get up early and go t o work (generally labor Job) Women get up early to prepare breakfast, get children ready and begin chores Children (if lucky get to go to school) get up and go to work (chores/labor) Long lunch break (1-3) Family eats together and takes a nap or ‘siesta' goes until about 7 late dinner (around 8 dock) with families What types of foods are common? Work/school Several Course meal (wealthier families)- begin with coffee/appetizer Rice, potatoes, meats-?loom Finn (similar to steak)-?often times grown by the family One course meals for poorer families How do people handle conflict?Very expressive; late at night the men are drinking, leads to more violence Taught to be very vocal-discuss heavily What are the education systems like? Not everyone gets to go to school – some have to help family Show more respect towards teachers- don't want to get into trouble, see school as a privilege and don't want to lose it Not as many restrictions on discipline (hitting or ‘striking') -doesn't mean it happens the time Is anyone given more respect than others? Elders and males How is America viewed?The Projects view them very positive because they understand that Americans come to help them Very envious, everything Americans do is great- view Americans as ‘better than they are' -mimic our actions and lifestyles Of America – don't understand that we also have our own problems-not everyone is rich Of Equator (hot)-?rarely gets over 75 degrees -â€Å"third world†- poor families that need financial help What do people enjoy doing in their free time? Men drink Soccer and Volleyball- Play and watch the World Cup and Ecuador professional team Play outside- kids do not have T.V and very rarely a radio Is there anything else that you would like to tell me about the culture? Country- inside the borders you have mountains, Jungle, and beaches all within hours weather is generally nice throughout the entire year People- They are very friendly Quite a few A mericans either living or visiting there Cultural Inferences A collectivist culture, such as Ecuador, can be defined as a culture that places â€Å"emphasis on the group's wants, needs, and desires. People of Ecuadorian culture are defined by their relationships and are connected to others† (Staten).Although the men are given distinct individual privileges and do not always consider the opinions of others, the whole culture of Ecuador embraces more of a collective approach. One specific example is that the children often times do not go to school so that they can help out the family either by working around the house and in the yard, or by getting a Job to provide a little extra income. This may seem as more of an economic issue, but it is the belief system associated with the situation that illustrates a collectivist approach.Children understand that it is an honor to attend school and would love to do so, but they are ultimately concerned with the benefits of the entire fam ily, not just themselves. Therefore, knowing that it will help the family makes it relatively easy to give up the opportunity to further their education. While collectivist values are very apparent in Ecuador, there are also illustrators of a very individualistic view. As mentioned above, the males in Ecuador are a prime example of individualism. As defined, individualistic values place â€Å"emphasis on the individual's wants, needs and desires.A person is defined by their personality and is separate from others† (Staten). Men in Ecuador are given, and grow to expect a much greater deal of respect. They do not have to check in with anyone, and are free to make decisions based on their individual feelings and beliefs (even if the decision affects a number of people besides themselves). When the men come home from work they do not help out with the family or around the home either. It is not unusual to find men out late at night â€Å"unwinding† after a long day, illust rating how they deliberately take care of themselves first. Ales. Not only is this applied to men, but also to elders. They make decisions without consulting others and no one questions their authority. One specific example of vertical power can be found in the fact that women are legally obligated to practice total obedience towards their husbands. If respect is not given to a certain individual, domestic violence is a common response and is not considered a criminal code (Guidance). Also illustrating vertical values, students view the school system and their education as an opportunity not to be taken advantage of.Therefore, they give up-most respect to their teachers and do not misbehave in class (talking out of turn, Ewing late or disrespectful, rough-housing etc). The premium is placed on memorization and lecture with very large class sizes. This means that students are not given one on one attention, and instead have a ‘nodding acquaintance' with their teacher. The prima ry goal of secondary education is the development of economic and social mobility so youth are prepared and able to assume positions of leadership in society (showing importance of rank).Also, in order to qualify for one of the nine institutions students need to score high on the admissions test, thus ranking dents with their peers and promoting a competitive atmosphere (Wilson). Specifically looking at the classroom conduct that children are taught to obey, it is also easy to detect a restrained cultural value. As seen in the classroom and also in the definition of restraint, â€Å"people are expected to learn to control their emotions, which is a sign of maturity' (Staten). Speaking up against the teacher is absolutely unheard of and results in very careful use of language and analysis by the students.The students are not the only ones who practice restraint though. The teachers liver a class session full of facts, theories, and reflections, leaving little to no time for discussi ons or most forms of expression. The classroom is calm and controlled, leaving little room for the unexpected, or unwanted. Restraint does not stop in the school system, but extends to various aspects of life. For example, if a woman chooses an occupation in the business field she must take extra precaution and find an appropriate balance between appearing ‘pushy and professional.During the initial greeting, both men and women will refrain from contact and will reserve kissing (once on each check) for the elderly and the young. Typically, men will greet with a firm handshake and women will greet with a soft hand-touch (once again showing that women must refrain from a ‘powerful' appearance). Also, when having a discussion with someone, it is common knowledge to refrain from talking about politics (specifically the government and possible difficulties with their neighboring countries).These practices show that people are expected to hold off on emotional expression and in stead show self-control to appear ‘professional' (Foster). As discussed above, there is an obvious cultural value in the area of gender differences. An emphasis is placed on unambiguous sex-roles and women/men are viewed different physically, psychologically, and socially. Men work outside the home and are the initial providers for the family, contributing the main income and making the family decisions.Women very rarely work outside of the home and are expected to be capable of working in areas such as weaving, cooking, cleaning, child care and yard work (preparation and harvest). Even children are raised with specific gender-based chores and early occupations. While young, little boys will often complete their duties souse with the cooking, sewing, and cleaning. For extracurricular activities boys are allowed to learn music and play instruments while girls are only allowed to sing and dance along with the provided music.As they grow older, boys will often find a Job around a ge 12 (usually labor based) to help support the family financially, while girls will often enter the sexual union (have children and take care of their husband) by age 12-13 (Brine). The cultural values of Ecuador do display a degree of structure between individuals of varying ‘status,' but values of flexibility are also very prevalent n day to day life. During casual or leisure time the notion of time' is not always viewed as a necessity. Lunch dates and evening get-together are set around flexible times and it is not considered ‘rude' to show up late (15-20 minutes).Lateness in Ecuador however, has become such a problem that the government has been forced to get involved. In a recent interview with President Lucia Guttering he stated â€Å"We have to be on time for the sake of God, the country, our people and our consciences! † (â€Å"Don't Be Late.. â€Å"). This ‘problem' is being dealt with, but remains as a prime example of their flexible lifestyle. Flexibility is a value that is also tied directly to family life. Families and individuals need to remain flexible when determining how to earn their income. Many families are not extensively wealthy and live off of their crops or products sold at the market.However, there is always the chance that the crops will not turn out, or the products will not be sold and so families are often times willing and open to finding additional sources of income. The children understand and are accustomed to these situations, and therefore remain very flexible with any of their future plans. While helping around the house they may not have set chores, but instead help out with whatever is necessary at that moment. As they grow, some might have the opportunity to attend school, while others may have to stay at home.Even if they are granted the chance to go to school, children understand that they need to be flexible in case their family needs them at home, resulting in withdraw from their classes. C learly, the idea of flexibility is taught from an early age and carried out though adulthood. Intercultural Comparison: Matt was a key person to interview. Not only did he grow up in Ecuador and embrace the culture and values, but he has also experienced a considerable amount of his life in America. Through the interview he gave very qualified information about the people, customs and traditions of Ecuador.Then, following the interview we discussed some of the similarities and differences that are apparent between Ecuadorian culture and American culture. It seems through resources and Mat's personal experience that both Ecuadorian and American cultures have a wide variety of situational communication â€Å"dos and don't. † Both cultures have casual and professional styles of communication, both appropriate for different events. The greatest differences between the two cultures and their forms of communication are the use of expressive communication (greetings in particular) a nd the expectations based on status differences.In American culture, people rely a great deal on the use of expression, specifically person (someone they have previously met) without the use of their body or exaggerated facial features, it would most likely be very difficult or nearly impossible. In America we often times greet others with a hug, a large smile, and possibly a ‘handshake' specific to our relationship. The American culture values expression within our communication from beginning to end, an aspect that differs with that of the Ecuadorian culture. In Ecuador, people are fairly restrained with the use of actions and expressions, producing a more subtle greeting.Even people who are very excited and happy to see one another will be more formal and calm, most often extending Just a friendly handshake. In Ecuador it has been clearly stated that there is a strong vertical structure throughout not only the home but through the community. This differs greatly from Americ a, the ‘land of equality. If a woman in Ecuador was to be told she can't do something because of her gender (especially if told from her husband) she would most likely accept this as an understandable explanation.However, if an American woman was told that something was being withheld from her simply because of her gender she would most likely sue the company or individual for discrimination. This difference is also very apparent in the school systems. Children in America give a degree of respect towards their teachers, but as they advance the respect seems to dwindle until student/teacher relationships become so casual that they are implementing their own ‘handshake' upon greeting, and comparing plans for the upcoming weekend. In Ecuador, respect is expected – even more so as you advance.Students give total reverence to their teachers and would not even consider crossing any questionable behavioral or communication boundaries. Clearly, Ecuador and America have so me clear cultural differences, but those differences are what make each country unique. The differences between the two cultures do not have to serve as a boundary, but rather a bridge if researched and dealt with properly. All human beings are alike. As Matt explained, one of the greatest misunderstandings is the quality of life (materially) in both countries.Both countries have people who are rich, and people who are poor. In both countries people relate to their families, work to support themselves and loved ones, and most importantly, people in both countries all need some source of communication to survive. The key is broadening our knowledge base about what communication is– not only in our own culture, but around the world. Coming to understand and appreciate the various values found in other cultures will not disconnect us from one another, but will make world-wide communication stronger and more effective.

A Cursory Examination of Classical Philosophy Essays

A Cursory Examination of Classical Philosophy Essays A Cursory Examination of Classical Philosophy Essay A Cursory Examination of Classical Philosophy Essay Essay Topic: Classical Moderation, according to Homeric tradition, is a virtue of humanity. It, along with other â€Å"Homeric virtues,† such as strength, courage, physical prowess, and wisdom in accomplishing goals in unique ways, are considered the model of human excellence. The Iliad, written by Homer, is a story that emphasizes the need for moderation and illustrates how the lack of it, can lead to tragedy. One of its main characters, the hero Achilles, while possessing many of the virtues mentioned above, lacks the virtue of moderation.It is Achilles’ pride and anger which lead to disaster and his eventual death. In the story, Achilles is at first angered by Agamemnon, the brother of Menelaus, king of Sparta. After a raid on a Trojan ally, the Spartans capture a beautiful girl, a daughter of a priest of Apollo. The girl is given to Agamemnon, but the priest pleads for her return. After Agamemnon refuses, the priest prays to Apollo to help get his daughter back. Apollo answers with a plag ue that wreaks havoc on the Spartan army.Agamemnon returns the girl to stop the plague, but demands that he receives Achilles’ prize as a replacement (another exceptionally beautiful woman). They quarrel over the prize, but in the end, Achilles complies, but is outraged. Achilles, being the greatest Greek warrior, having an uncontrollable anger has serious consequences. He refuses to fight at first, and this leads to a change in momentum to the Trojan army. However, when one Achilles’ closest friends dies at the hand of Hector, the Trojan hero, Achilles turns his focus on revenge. He kills Hector then drags his body from his chariot back to camp.The moral of this story is about moderation. It shows how the lack of moderation, even though all the other virtues may be present, can result in tragedy. As the oracle at Delphi said: â€Å"Nothing too much. † Hubris is another concept we see introduced in classical Greek mythology. Hubris, in Homeric poetry is when hum an beings act or think beyond their nature or intended limitations. It is a form of great arrogance as it attempts to portray humans as gods themselves. Hubris isn’t restricted to simply believing one is on equal footing with the gods however.It can also happen when one doesn’t honor the gods properly or do as they command (or expect). According to Homeric tradition, and even in the writings of others, such as Pindar, there must be a distinction between mortal man and the gods. Human beings are not immortal, not divine, and thus, have no right to put themselves on the same playing field as those who are. Thales, Heraclitus and Parmenides Thales, whom Aristotle calls the founder of philosophy, was a metaphysical monist who believed that water is both the cause and element of everything, and that everything is filled with gods.Thales, as Aristotle explains, seems to have believed that because water is essential for practically all living things, and that it is the only n atural substance that can have different forms (solid, liquid, gas), it must possess highly unique qualities. He reasoned that it is because of these qualities that water is the underlying nature of all things. Thales believed that all things are filled with gods in the sense that reality is immortal. He is using the essential property of the gods (immortality) to describe reality itself.And he does so by describing nature from within the framework of nature itself, in contrast to using an external framework. Heraclitus’ views of reality are quite a bit different. He believes that reality is a constant flux and opposition. It is Heraclitus who made the famous statement â€Å"you cannot step twice into the same river. † This is the crux of the first part of his theory of reality. It’s the idea that nothing stays the same; everything is in a constant state of change. The second part of his theory about reality involves opposition, or strife.Strife, according to He raclitus is not a bad thing; it is in fact, necessary. It allows for balance; it guarantees that order is maintained. Parmenides’ views of reality are stranger still. He held that there is no â€Å"many,† but rather only â€Å"the One. † He disagrees with Heraclitus’ view that everything is in a constant state of flux. He believed that reality is unchanging, undivided and eternal. As a rationalist (the first rationalist philosophy actually), he believed that the only way to know of reality is not through experience, it is through reason.Of the three philosophies, the one that most makes sense is that of Heraclitus’. While I do not subscribe to his overall philosophy, it does make sense to me that there is a sort of â€Å"order† in the universe. Heraclitus refers to this order as the Logos. As a Christian, this means something more than just â€Å"order. † But Heraclitus uses the term to describe order by way of patterns. I can see an order to the universe as well. It is a necessary order, one that allows life to exist. It is a fine-tuning of elements and physical laws that enable life to prosper.But in addition to this order, I think there is something sustaining it, keeping it from â€Å"burning out,† and that source is God. The Socratic Method The Socratic Method is is a way for someone to discover truth. It requires someone to be willing to go where reason takes them. It’s the asking of questions in such a way, that even the most commonly accepted ideas and values are challenged. It dives deep into the heart of things which are often taken for granted, and it is through this process, Socrates believed, that we can discover what is real, actual, or true. But in order to do this, one must possess a certain character.They must not be wishy-washy, changing their position without good reason, nor should they be dogmatic, not changing their position despite there being a good reason to do so. There ar e many dialogs written by Plato that center around Socrates using this method with various people he meets informally, and in some cases, such as the Apology, formally (in the courtroom). In the dialog Euthyphro, he discusses the nature of piety, or holiness with his friend Euthyphro. Euthyphro offers a definition of piety when Socrates asks, but Socrates finds this definition insufficient and challenges it by asking questions.Euthyphro changes his definition several times. Eventually, the final question that is posed is â€Å"Is the holy loved by the gods because it is holy, or is it holy because it is loved by the gods? † In the Apology, Socrates is on trial, so he begins his method of questioning by challenging his accusers directly. One of the accusations is that Socrates is an atheist. He asks Meletus, who made this accusation, if he still maintains that Socrates is an atheist. Meletus confirms that he does. Socrates then also asks him if he maintains the accusation that Socrates is teaching the youth about new gods.Meletus answers that he does. So Socrates asks how a contradiction can be true. Either it is the case that Socrates is an atheist, and therefore, by definition does not believe in gods and cannot teach that other gods exist†¦or it is the case that Socrates is teaching the youth about new gods and is therefore, not an atheist. Socrates uses this technique in several instances, pointing out the inconsistencies in the charges brought against him. In the dialog Crito, Socrates is in his prison cell talking to his friend Crito, who wishes to help Socrates escape from prison.Crito believes that Socrates has been unjustly charged and sentenced to death. Socrates however, refuses to escape and reasons with Crito about the idea using the Socratic Method. Socrates gets Crito to agree that causing injury is an evil, and evil ought not ever been done. Socrates, using his questioning method, asks Crito if it is ever good to do evil in return fo r evil. Crito answers â€Å"No. † Socrates then, through this questioning method, gets Crito to agree that circumventing law for personal gain is an evil. And because it is an evil, they cannot attempt an escape.Socrates accepts his sentence and maintains the position that he did the just thing. The Metaphysics and Epistemology of Plato and Aristotle Plato’s metaphysics was one of dualism. There is the world of the material, or the physical, which is always changing. It is a world of the senses. In this reality, there exists both the perceptions of the objection and the objections themselves. Shadow of a bird, a reflection of trees over water, the actual bird and trees themselves are all a part of this world. But it is merely a perception of the real world.The real world, where true knowledge comes from, is the world of Forms. Plato’s Forms are the world of the intelligible, and as such, can only be known by reason. It consists of the thoughts of these objects i n the material world, but also contains virtues such as beauty, justice and good. The thoughts of objects in this world are the lower forms, and the virtues or ideals are the higher. We can understand thoughts of objects (such as the perfect triangle or mathematics), but we must use reason to discover the ideals. In regard to Plato’s epistemology, he posited his Recollection Theory.This theory claims that we do not really learn anything new. Instead, we remember our knowledge from a previous existence. Plato believed in reincarnation, and said that we acquire knowledge prior to birth, yet forget this knowledge upon being born. During our lives, we â€Å"recollect† that knowledge that we’ve learned already. Like Plato, Aristotle’s metaphysics was that of dualism. And like Plato’s metaphysics, Aristotle also believed in a world of matter and a world of forms. However, Aristotle disagreed about the nature of these two worlds.For example, for Aristotle , his world of matter contains objections that actually exist; they were very real. We sense this world through our sense organs. While these objects are made up of generic â€Å"stuff,† they are also made up of forms. A statue of a man, for example, can be made of stone or of marble. The stone or marble is the material stuff that we can sense. But the statue also has a form, a form of a man. While both statues may be made up of two different materials, they are made of one common form, â€Å"man. † Aristotle’s epistemology involves induction. Induction is the process by which we can know first principles.First principles are that which we need no further questions or demonstrations to be true. They form the foundation upon which all other reasoning and truth statements rest. The process of knowing, induction, involves both perception and knowledge of reality. It beings with perception, which is the acquisition of information about reality through our senses. Th e second step is memory. It is the retention of this information about reality that is necessary to begin reasoning about it. However, we must experience perception many times in order to properly formulate reasons about it.Each time we do so, it is stored into our memory; we accumulate the experience, and it becomes a stronger memory. Eventually, we reach the fourth step, which is knowledge. When we are able to understand the essence of something through this process, it becomes knowable. The Epicureans, Stoics and Skeptics The Epicureans, Stoics and Skeptics each had philosophies on how to live one’s life, what to believe about reality, and what to do about fears and certain beliefs. The Epicureans believe that one ought to maximize pleasure while minimizing suffering.However, they were also quick to point out that moderation is necessary. That is, unlike what we commonly think about hedonism, the Greek word for pleasure, it is not the case that they taught that any pleasur e ought to be taken. It is not a philosophy of self-indulgences, but one of contentment of the basic, yet essential necessities of life. About what to believe about reality is that we are driven by desire. But not all desires are equal. Some of them we should satisfy, but some of them we should not because the cost of doing so is more than they are worth.Since we have the desire to be happy, to obtain this, we need to exercise control and limit those desires to the ones that are necessary. And to do this, one must live the simple life. In addition, Epicureans believe that we ought to ignore that which does not serve the goal of living that simple life. Philosophy is but a tool in which we can do this; it is not virtuous to pursue philosophy for the sake of philosophizing. Epicureans also believe that we ought not to be concerned with the gods or with death. Epicureans believe that the gods are not nterested in our day to day affairs, so it makes no sense to fear them. Likewise, they hold the fear of death is not rational because while we are living, death is not with us. And when we die and death occurs, we do not exist so we experience nothing to worry about. So in either case, we are not being directly affected by death, so we ought not to be worried about it or fear it. The stoics believed in fate. They believed that we do not control outside events, so there is no need to be concerned with it. These external events cannot make us feel a certain way; it is only how we react to these events that affect us.So if we can change the way we think about these events beyond our control, we will come to realize there is nothing to fear, it all happens whether we want it to or not, it is beyond our control. The goal of stoicism is to reach Apathia or the freedom from passion. This is done by coming to understand that outside events, as we said above, are beyond our control. When this happens, we are living in harmony with nature. And unlike the Epicureans, the Stoics believe that pleasure is never to be pursued because it is not an appropriate end. The Skeptics, like the other two schools of thought, believe it is possible to live the good life.They do so by suggesting that knowledge is an illusion and it is the insistence that this knowledge is real or true, that causes conflict and strife because it leads to disappointment (unhappiness). So by suspending judgment about truth and moral statements, one can then be happy. Skeptics claim that attempting to reason about reality results in either an â€Å"infinite regress† or circular reasoning, so there is no point in trying to reason about such things, and instead, one ought to simply suspend judgment. An infinite regress is when claim A is contingent upon claim B, which is contingent upon claim C, and so on.There are an endless number of claims that are contingent upon another, and obviously, this is problematic. Circular reasoning occurs when the conclusion that is reached is a reason fo r support of one of the reasons for the conclusion itself. The argument goes in a circle, thus is not a valid argument. Skeptics claim that all attempts at reason result in one of these 2 problems, therefore, we ought to suspend judgment. Of the three philosophies, the one that may be closest to reality is that of the Epicureans. But this should not be taken to mean that it is sufficiently representative of reality.It just happens to be the closest of the three. Specifically, the part of epicurean though that I think makes the most sense, is that we ought to live a contented life that maximizes necessary pleasures or desires while minimizing pain and suffering. I think this is a rather pragmatic philosophy that we follow in our daily lives already. Everything that we do seems to do that which brings us pleasure and avoids that which causes pain. But I think this is as close as it gets to being a philosophy that accurately represents reality and how to live.

The five most annoying ways to use an ellipsis - Emphasis

The five most annoying ways to use an ellipsis The five most annoying ways to use an ellipsis The three little innocent-looking dots of an ellipsis () probably carry more power to annoy and confuse your readers than any other punctuation mark. Apostrophe mistakes look harmless in comparison. Nobody seriously reads ‘orange’s 45p’ and assumes that the orange must own a small amount of loose change. Ellipses, by contrast, can completely change the tone and meaning of what you write. And people who misuse them often don’t realise what they’re doing. Here are five ways not to use an ellipsis. 1. Using them like a written erm Trailing off in the middle of sentences in spoken conversation is common and almost unavoidable. (Unless you’re Oscar Wilde – WB Yeats said Wilde was the first person he’d met who spoke in perfect sentences.) But it’s rarely necessary to do this in writing. In spoken conversation, you can rely on various cues to tell you whether the other person understands what you’re saying, and clarify as needed. But in writing, you need to be clear first time. Many writers use ellipses like written equivalents of ‘erm’ and ‘er’, but this can be confusing and frustrating for the reader. To avoid inadvertently creating a ‘fill in the blanks’ puzzle, force yourself to finish your sentences. This might mean you have to do a bit more work before pressing send – quite possibly work you were trying to avoid. But just console yourself with the knowledge that you’re sending out a little more good sense into the world. Compare these emails: ‘I haven’t had the full invitation to tender back yet whom do I talk to? no idea about the competitors haven’t started the tender not sure about our solution or details.’ ‘I haven’t received the full invitation to tender document yet. And I only know the bare bones of the solution we’re going to propose. At this stage, I don’t even know whom to talk to about getting all the necessary information (about costs, materials, people) together. Do you have any suggestions?’ Concrete writing like this will naturally take longer than simply typing the first things that come to mind. But the extra time you spend focusing on what you’re actually saying, and why, will help clarify your message both for you and your reader, and ultimately increase your chances of getting the kind of response you want. If you need to create a pause (a purposeful one, not an ‘erm’), consider using an en-dash instead of an ellipsis. It feels much more confident, especially when you need to link related parts of a sentence – like this. 2. Trailing off for no reason An ellipsis at the end of a sentence implies that the writer has trailed off. But why has the writer trailed off? Are they suggesting something? Does it represent a nudge or a wink? Those three little dots suggest something is going on, but give the reader no clue about what it might be. This can make otherwise straightforward sentences confusing and (occasionally) somewhat unsettling. Compare these sentences: ‘It’s not a problem for us to meet on Monday.’ ‘It’s not a problem for us to meet on Monday ’ The trailing off in the second example could suggest the writer is having doubts (perhaps it is a problem). Or maybe it expresses confusion about why a meeting is even necessary. Or, if the writer is a chronic ellipsis-abuser, it may mean nothing at all.  The reader must then judge what the meaning might be, or ask for clarification. If you’re unsure about meeting on Monday, say so and explain why. For example: ‘It’s not a problem for us to meet on Monday, but I’m not sure if that will be helpful because John won’t be here and we need his input.’ 3. Three is the magic number Some style guides recommend writing an ellipsis as three full stops: Some prefer three full stops with spaces between them: . . . And some tell you to use a special ellipsis character (PC shortcut: ALT+0133, Mac shortcut: ALT+semicolon): †¦ Whichever you use (we prefer three full stops without spaces, except on Twitter), all style guides agree that ellipses are three dots long. Not four, or two (and five is right out). You may see what appears to be a four-dot ellipsis at the end of some sentences (eg ‘And then John fell asleep .). This is in fact an ellipsis with a full stop at the end. You may also sometimes see three dots, a space and then a further dot (eg ‘And then John fell asleep .). Again, style guides vary on this. 4. Omitting crucial parts of a quotation You’ll often find that you need to condense quotes, and you can use an ellipsis to show that you’ve removed parts of the original. But be careful. To be completely transparent, you need to be sure that you’re not changing the meaning of what somebody has said. Take this remark from US President Coolidge and the often-quoted condensed version: ‘The chief business of the American people is business’ ‘The business of the American people is business’ This changes the meaning of his sentence. The original version says that business is the most important concern, whereas in the second it sounds as if business is the only important thing. 5. Implying you have more to say when you haven’t This is a very particular kind of trailing off, and possibly the most annoying of all. It often implies that what needs to be said is so obvious to the (knowledgeable) writer that it should be obvious to the reader, too. This can backfire badly – at worst, it can appear smug or condescending. For example: ‘That’s a good plan, but there are important considerations ’ This kind of ellipsis is more suited to enigmatic status updates on social media (’OMG some people are so annoying ’), not that we advocate that sort of thing. For business it’s better to spell things out. Ask yourself why you’re tempted to use an ellipsis, get the answer straight in your head, then politely say that instead: ‘That’s a good plan, but I’m worried about how expensive it is. We’re also working on so many other projects that I’m not sure we’ll have the time to spare’. Use with caution Like many of the best things in life, ellipses are fine when used well and in moderation, but troublesome when used recklessly. (OK, OK, we’re sounding like your dad now.) So keep using them, if you wish, but do so consciously. And if you catch yourself dot-dot-dotting to cop out of saying what you actually mean, take a moment’s pause. What is likely to be the most positive approach in the long run? At work, usually, clarity is king. Sure, overused ellipses are annoying but good writing at work is about far more than just airing our personal peeves. Its about communicating effectively and efficiently, in a way which informs, inspires and persuades others. Thats why weve distilled our 18 years experience working with over 40,000 professionals in every sector and industry into a 64-page guide, The Write Stuff. Its ideal if you write emails, reports, bids or any other business document. Download your free copy of The Write Stuff today.

Ballet Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Ballet - Essay Example For instance in Swan Lake, an example of a classical ballet the choreography consists of movements that test and display the dancers’ skills in performing advanced ballet skills such as the pas de deux, multiple turns, extended balances and intricate footwork (128). Whereas classical ballet focuses more on the skills in technique execution by the dancers, romantic ballet gives greater emphasis on expressing emotions through dance, while still maintaining the execution of technique aspect (123). It is also relatively more recent that classical ballet, since aside from the increase in male dancers in the repertoire the themes in most romantic ballet gravitate around mythical stories or legends with fantastic or romantic elements (127). Also, romantic ballet productions are relatively more lavish compared to classical ballet, wherein not only do dancers need to be graceful and skilled, but are also required to be very expressive and have powerful acting abilities. One example of a ballet production that requires the female dancers to have all of these skills is Giselle. In the ballet’s choreography, the prima ballerina playing as Giselle as well as the other ballerinas must be skilled enough to maintain flexibility in performing both the roles of the light and dark swans, shifting from innocent to mature in each act (127). It is important to distinctly portray each role to make each scene and the whole production to be both credible and moving to viewers. This makes the dramatic quality of a romantic ballet such as Giselle distinct from classical ballet such as Swan Lake that focuses on technique execution and

The french revelosion Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

The french revelosion - Essay Example The entire journey the political sphere of France underwent its course and the future path that it set forth. Out of many causes and factors that led to the initiation of the French Revolution, the political struggle, the process and journey undertaken was one of the main influence and describing factor of the revolution. The mention of the revolution would remain incomplete without the mention of the events, the policies and philosophies that were introduced in the political corridors throughout the course of the French Revolution. It was the political deprivation that had led to the resentment and feeling of alienation within the society. The case of voting by orders against voting by counts and heads was the main point of conflict. The General Assembly was existent only in name, and the last time it met, it was only in the beginning of the 17th century in 1614(Hill 2002). Since then it had not met. Like the rest of the Europe, France has had a history of being ruled by the monarchs. The dynastic rules being ruled by families was a prominent and common affair. In France it was King Louis XVI who was in power at the time of French revolution. He had succeeded his brother King Louis the XV. The dynastic and monarchic style of ruling had led to gulf building between the masses and the rulers. As a result of which, resentment crept in the ranks and the people started demanding for reforms. The reforms so demanded were of such nature that would provide them a relatively louder voice and better representation unlik e the pre revolutionary days. Once the revolution set off, the monarchy was sent packing. The king and his authority were marginalized and were cornered to a ceremonial post and function only. In times ahead, the king would see further humiliation, alienation and subsequent persecution and ultimate elimination. The following were major events and entities that came forth in the form of political innovation and activities in the course of French